UFOs and Defense: What Should We Prepare For?
The French COMETA report on UFOs and national defense, transmitted via Carol Rosin (former spokesperson for Wernher von Braun) to a U.S. official, accompanied by a note referencing John Callahan's testimony and radar documentation from Mexico City International Airport.
A committee of retired French generals, admirals, and senior defense scientists spent three years investigating UFOs and concluded, in writing, that the extraterrestrial hypothesis is the most probable explanation for a residual set of cases. That's the COMETA Report: 94 pages of case analysis, propulsion physics, and strategic recommendations from people who ran France's defense establishment. They weren't fringe. General Bernard Norlain, former director of IHEDN (France's institute for senior national defense studies), wrote the preface. The report analyzes the 1976 Tehran incident — which the DIA itself called "an outstanding report... a classic" — alongside a 1990 Russian case involving a disc 100-200 meters across moving at 2-3 times the speed of modern fighters. It documents physical effects: engine shutdowns attributed to microwave emissions, electromagnetic interference, witness paralysis. And it ends by recommending that French aeronautic personnel be sensitized to accept the possibility of extraterrestrial craft. The committee's blunt assessment of American secrecy motivations — fear of social upheaval, loss of public trust, desire for technological supremacy — reads differently now than it did in 1999.
- COMETA concluded the extraterrestrial hypothesis "cannot be ruled out" and is the most probable explanation for unexplained cases
- Analyzes Tehran 1976 (DIA called it "an outstanding report... a classic"), Russia March 1990 (disc 100-200 meters, speeds 2-3x modern fighters), and French radar-confirmed incidents
- Documents physical effects: vehicle engine shutdowns from microwave emissions, witness paralysis, electromagnetic interference — all modeled as technically feasible
- Assesses U.S. secrecy motivations: social upheaval, panic, loss of trust in leaders, technological supremacy over terrestrial adversaries
- Recommends sensitizing aeronautic personnel to accept the possibility of extraterrestrial craft and overcoming the fear of ridicule
- Over 3,000 gendarmerie UFO reports collected in France since 1974, with ~100 joint field investigations
Page 1
View PDF ↗- Carol Rosin | [handwritten notation]
- Dan Sypher | [handwritten notation]
Page 2
View PDF ↗- Carol Rosin | author, spokesperson for von Braun, founder of Institute for Security and Cooperation in Outer Space | Ventura, CA
- Jon Cypher | actor, husband of Carol Rosin for fifteen years, scholar, opera singer | [mentioned]
- Dan | recipient of letter | [title/agency not stated]
- Wernher von Braun | [referenced as deceased]
- Institute for Security and Cooperation in Outer Space | founded by Carol Rosin in 1983, closed down a few years before 2001
- US Space Foundation | mentioned as location where Rosin and Cypher were keynote speakers
- NASA | [referenced regarding potential costs]
- 498 Manzanita Ct., Ventura, CA 93001 | return address
- DC | planned travel destination
- Broadway | where Jon Cypher performed
- La Mancha | production location for "The Impossible Dream"
- "Hillstreet Blues" and "Major Dan" | TV shows Jon Cypher starred in
- "The Impossible Dream" | song performed by Jon Cypher on Broadway in La Mancha
- "He had me commit to finding the path to open the doors to space ... with his full and unlimited vision." | Carol Rosin, regarding von Braun's direction
- Institute for Security and Cooperation in Outer Space | founded 1983, closed before 2001
- US Space Foundation | location of keynote speaker presentation
Page 3
View PDF ↗- Dan | recipient of note
- [Former Counterpart] | [mentioned in relation to French Cometa Report preface - name illegible in handwriting]
- John Callahan | air traffic controller, Senior Air Traffic Controller at Mexico City International Airport
- Enrique Roldeck | [referenced on page 5]
- French Cometa Report | main document being referenced, described as private non-government report
- Large document | referenced as source for summary included in materials
- Cometa Report | French report, private not government
- John Callahan's testimony | supporting documentation on page 2
- Radar section | referenced from page 2, entire radar section should be read according to note
- Page 2 (P2) | contains John Callahan testimony with supporting documentation
- Page 5 (P5) | contains Enrique Roldeck reference
- "AS PROMISED, HERE IS THE FRENCH COMETA REPORT YOU WILL NOTE THE PREFACE BY YOUR FORMER COUNTERPART AND A LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS ON P.5. I MISSPOKE - IT IS A PRIVATE - NOT GOVERNMENT - REPORT BUT THE QUALITY AND SOBER NATURE OF THE PARTICIPANTS STILL, I THINK, RECOMMENDS IT TO YOU." | handwritten note
- "ARTICLES ARE INCLUDED FOR YOUR PERUSAL. ON P.4 OF THE LARGE DOCUMENT WE GAVE YOU IS A SUMMARY OF THE REPORT. I ALLUDED TO JOHN CALLAHAN'S TESTIMONY, WITH ITS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION IS ON P.2. SENIOR AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLER AT MEX CITY INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT - ENRIQUE ROLDECK IS ON P.5. PLEASE READ THE ENTIRE RADAR SECTION FROM P.2, HOWEVER." | handwritten note
Page 4
View PDF ↗- Jon Cypher | author/sender of note, signed
- Hamlet | literary reference, quoted
- "THERE ARE MORE THINGS TWIXT HEAVEN AND HELL THAN ARE DREAMED OF IN YOUR PHILOSOPHY, HORATIO." | Hamlet, quoted in handwritten note
- "I ALWAYS THINK OF HAMLET'S" | handwritten note introduction to quote
- "THANKS AGAIN FOR SEEING US AND IF THERE ARE QUESTIONS - OF COURSE CALL THE RENAISSANCE AT 999 9TH NW • 202 898-9000." | Jon Cypher, handwritten note
- "IT WAS GOOD TO SEE YOU" | Jon Cypher, handwritten note
Page 5
View PDF ↗- COMETA | French association that authored independent report on UFOs
- Institute of Higher Studies for National Defence | organization conducting the study
- VSD | French magazine that published special issue
- VSD magazine special issue | July 1999, original publication location for this report
- Institute of Higher Studies for National Defence | organization conducting the UFO study
- "UFOs and Defense: What Should We Prepare For?" | title of report
- "An independent report on UFOs written by the French association COMETA. This report details the results of a study by the Institute of Higher Studies for National Defence." | subtitle/description
Page 6
View PDF ↗- "UFOs and Defense" | title
- "The COMETA Report" | report attribution
Page 7
View PDF ↗- Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) | French National Center for Space Studies, formerly headed by Lebeau
- COMETA | organization presenting the UFO report
- GEPAN | predecessor organization that conducted UFO work, later became SEPRA
- SEPRA | successor organization to GEPAN
- NASA | referenced regarding interpretation of meteorites
- "It is not looked on highly in certain scientific circles to be preoccupied with phenomena that are deemed to come under the heading of popular mythology" | Andre Lebeau on scientific attitudes toward UFO study
- "does a scientific fact exist?" | fundamental question posed regarding UFO phenomena
- "Unidentified flying objects, or UFOs, fall into this category" | classification of UFOs as rare, discrete events with small amounts of evidence
- "are we alone in the universe? Could some of these phenomena be the work of extraterrestrial beings?" | fundamental questions raised by UFO phenomena
- "the very existence of this dimension that elicits reactions of rejection in the scientific community" | Andre Lebeau on irrational dimension affecting scientific acceptance
- "Stripping the UFO phenomenon of its irrational layer" | subtitle/theme
- "Such was the case with stones falling from the sky, which was long considered in our country to be the stuff of fable." | Lebeau on historical scientific skepticism
- "One century later NASA, no doubt hastily, elevated these stones to proof of the existence of primitive life on Mars." | Lebeau on NASA's interpretation of meteorites
- "Thus collective and simultaneous observation plays the same role as the reproducibility of experiments." | Lebeau on verification of rare phenomena
Page 8
View PDF ↗- Roswell Affair | appendix topic on disinformation
- Life in the Universe | appendix topic
- Colonization of Space | appendix topic
- Long History of the UFO Phenomenon | appendix topic
- Radar Detection in France | appendix topic
- Astronomers' Sightings | appendix topic
- "This report is useful in that it contributes toward stripping the phenomenon of UFOs of its irrational layer." | report purpose statement
- "What a scientist believes is important in the conducting of his research because this is what motivates and drives him. But his belief is not important to the results of his research nor does it have any effect on those results if he is rigorous." | statement on scientific methodology and objectivity
- PREFACE | Page 5
- FOREWORD | Page 6
- INTRODUCTION | Page 7
- PART 1 FACTS AND TESTIMONIES | begins Page 9
- - Chapter 1 Testimonies of French Pilots | Page 9
- - Chapter 2 Aeronautical Cases Throughout the World | Page 12
- - Chapter 3 Sightings from the Ground | Page 17
- - Chapter 4 Close Encounters in France | Page 20
- - Chapter 5 Counterexamples of Phenomena That Have Been Explained | Page 24
- PART 2 THE EXTENT OF OUR KNOWLEDGE | begins Page 27
- - Chapter 6 Organization of the Research in France | Page 27
- - Chapter 7 Methods and Results of GEPAN/SEPRA | Page 31
- - Chapter 8 UFOs: Hypotheses, Modeling Attempts | Page 35
- - Chapter 9 Organization of the Research Abroad | Page 42
- PART 3 UFOs AND DEFENSE | begins Page 55
- - Chapter 10 Strategic Planning | Page 55
- - Chapter 11 Aeronautical Implications | Page 59
- - Chapter 12 Scientific and Technical Implications | Page 62
- - Chapter 13 Political and Religious Implications | Page 64
- - Chapter 14 Media Implications | Page 69
- CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS | Page 71
- APPENDICES
- - Appendix 1 Radar Detection in France | Page 74
- - Appendix 2 Astronomers' Sightings | Page 74
- - Appendix 3 Life in the Universe | Page 75
- - Appendix 4 Colonization of Space | Page 75
- - Appendix 5 The Roswell Affair - Disinformation | Page 77
- - Appendix 6 The Long History of the UFO Phenomenon - Elements of a [title continues]
Page 9
View PDF ↗- COMETA | association governed by Law of July 1, 1901, author of the report
- G.S. Presse Communication | publisher
- Key Graphic | photoengraving company
- Berger Levrault | printing company
- MEP | sales and restocking company
- Image7 | public relations organization
- National Geographic Institute of Costa Rica | source of cover photograph
- Daniel Denis | Sole Chief Executive Officer and Publication Director
- Richard Yotis | Art Director
- Jacques Péron | Editorial Assistant
- Bernard Thouanel | Illustrations and Technical Consulting, photo collection holder
- Isabelle de Segonzac | Public Relations Agent
- 79-83, rue Baudin, 92309 Levallois-Perret Cedex | publisher address
- Tilaran range | Central America, location of cover photograph
- Costa Rica | country location of photograph source
- Neuilly-sur-Seine | location of printing company
- 1971-09-04 | date of cover photograph
- 1999-07 | copyright deposit date and report publication date
- Chronology | Appendix 6 and Page 80
- Appendix 7 Reflections on Various Psychological, Sociological, and Political Aspects of the UFO Phenomenon | Page 82
- REFERENCES | Page 87
- GLOSSARY | Page 90
- "UFOs AND DEFENSE What should we prepare for?" | report title
- "All reproduction, in whole or in part, translation, and adaptation rights reserved for all countries. Copyright 1999." | copyright notice
- "The photo section from pages 43 to 50, as well as pages 2 and 91, were not part of the initial report." | editorial note on photo additions
- "Photo taken on September 4, 1971, directly over the Tilaran range in Central America by an airplane from the National Geographic Institute of Costa Rica (Bernard Thouanel collection)." | cover photo description
- REFERENCES | Page 87
- GLOSSARY | Page 90
Page 10
View PDF ↗- General Bernard Norlain | Former director of Institut des Hautes Etudes de Défense Nationale (IHEDN), author of preface
- General Letty | founder/organizer of COMETA committee, visited Norlain in March 1995
- Denis Letty | organized Air Force Academy Alumni Association conference in February 1995
- [Unnamed astronomer] | well-known astronomer who presented extraterrestrial hypothesis at conference
- [Unnamed CNES official] | person in charge of studying UFO phenomena at CNES
- Institut des Hautes Etudes de Défense Nationale (IHEDN) | Institute for Advanced National Defense Studies, where Norlain held office
- IHEDN Auditors Association (AA) | civilian and military organization supporting UFO study
- Ecole de l'Air | Air Force Academy Alumni Association
- COMETA | Committee for In-Depth Studies, formed for UFO research
- CNES | Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, had civilian government agency dedicated to UFO study
- 1995-02 | date of Air Force Academy Alumni Association conference on unidentified aerospace phenomena
- 1995-03 | month when General Letty visited Norlain at IHEDN office
- [approximately 20 years before 1995] | when AA first produced preliminary report on UFOs
- "Denis Letty seemed to me to be the perfect one to spearhead this task" | Norlain on Letty's qualifications
- "The list of high-level civilian and military degrees of the members of his committee is very impressive" | Norlain on COMETA committee qualifications
- "This is not a purely academic study. Concrete problems are raised" | Norlain on practical focus of COMETA
- "The first report of the AA favored the creation within CNES of the only civilian government agency known in the world dedicated to the study of UFOs." | Norlain on previous AA recommendation
- "Concrete problems are raised that call for a response in terms of action" | page subtitle and title quote
- "Before a large public, some of our comrades, former pilots, spontaneously related their encounters with UFOs." | Norlain on conference presentations
- "I express the wish that the recommendations of COMETA, which are inspired by good sense, will be examined and implemented by the authorities of our country." | Norlain statement
- "IHEDN will then have well served the nation and, perhaps, humanity." | Norlain concluding statement
- "Consider all of the hypotheses" | page section heading
Page 11
View PDF ↗- Denis Letty | Air Force General, 2nd Section, AA (35), chairman of COMETA association
- General Bernard Norlain | former director of IHEDN
- André Lebeau | former chairman of Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales
- Jean-Jacques Vélasco | Head of SEPRA at CNES
- François Louange | Chief Executive Officer of Fleximarge
- Jean-Charles Duboc | civilian and military pilot
- Jean-Pierre Fartek | civilian and military pilot
- René Giraud | civilian and military pilot
- Edmond Campagnac | former technical director of Air France at Antananarivo
- Michel Perrier | Squadron Commander, Gendarmerie Nationale
- M. Soun | Direction Générale de l'Aviation Civile
- Joseph Domange | Air Force General, Auditors Association delegate general
- Michel Algrin | State Doctor of Political Science, attorney-at-law, AA (35)
- Pierre Bescond | Weapons Engineer General, 2nd Section, AA (48)
- Denis Blancher | Chief of Police, Police Nationale, Ministry of the Interior
- Jean Dunglas | Doctor of Engineering (Ret.), in Water and Forestry Management AR (48)
- Bruno Le Moine | Air Force General, 2nd Section, AA (41)
- Françoise Lépine | Fondation pour les Études de Défense, AA (33)
- Christian Marchal | Chief Mining Engineer, Research Director at ONERA
- Marc Merlo | Admiral, 2nd Section, AA (35)
- Alain Orszag | Doctor of Physical Sciences, Weapons Engineer General, 2nd Section
- COMETA | Committee for In-Depth Studies, transformed into an association
- Institut des Hautes Etudes de Défense Nationale (IHEDN) | organization of former auditors
- Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) | center with SEPRA office
- SEPRA | UFO research office at CNES
- Fleximarge | company where François Louange is CEO
- Air France | company where Edmond Campagnac worked
- Gendarmerie Nationale | organization where Michel Perrier serves
- Direction Générale de l'Aviation Civile | Civil Aviation Agency
- Police Nationale | police organization where Denis Blancher works
- Fondation pour les Études de Défense | Foundation for Defense Studies
- ONERA | National Aerospace Study and Research Office
- Air Force Air Operations Command Center | participated in AF 3532 investigation
- France | country, no characterized UFO threat perceived
- Antananarivo | location of Air France technical office
- 1994-01-28 | flight AF 3532 incident investigated
- [approximately 3 years before publication] | duration of COMETA work
- "The accumulation of well-documented sightings made by credible witnesses forces us to consider from now on all of the hypotheses regarding the origin of unidentified flying objects, or UFOs, and the extraterrestrial hypothesis, in particular." | Letty statement
- "Although no characterized threat has been perceived to date in France" | Letty on French UFO threat assessment
Page 12
View PDF ↗- Institut des Hautes Etudes de Défense Nationale (IHEDN) | opened UFO file in 1976
- Groupe d'Étude des Phénomènes Aérospatiaux Non Identifiés (GEPAN) | Unidentified Aerospace Phenomena Study Group, precursor to SEPRA
- Service d'Expertise des Phénomènes de Rentrée Atmosphérique (SEPRA) | Atmospheric Reentry Phenomena Consulting Department, division of CNES
- Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES) | in charge of UFO file
- Trans-en-Provence | location of 1981 UFO sighting that was subject of in-depth study
- France | country where recent radar corroborated pilot sightings occurred
- [worldwide] | UFO sightings increasing globally
- 1976 | IHEDN committee opened UFO file
- 1981 | Trans-en-Provence sighting
- [twenty years later than 1976, approximately 1996] | time when new report became useful
- "Without a doubt, the phenomenon remains and the number of sightings, which are completely unexplained despite the abundance and quality of data, is growing throughout the world." | report statement on UFO phenomenon persistence
- "In view of the lack of irrefutable proof regarding the origin of these phenomena, the need for understanding persists." | report statement
- "the number of films or television broadcasts on this subject" | indicator of public interest in UFOs
- Trans-en-Provence sighting in 1981 | ground sighting where "something did in fact land on the ground and parked there"
- Civilian and military pilots provided "gripping visual testimonies, often corroborated by radar recordings"
- GEPAN | predecessor organization to SEPRA
- SEPRA | current organization in charge of UFO file
- 1976 IHEDN committee recommendations | led to creation of GEPAN
- "For the sake of convenience with respect to language, we will use the term UFO (Unidentified Flying Object) generally, instead of the more scientific term UAP (Unidentified Aerospace Phenomenon)." | report statement on terminology
- "Just look at the number of films or television broadcasts on this subject." | example of public interest in UFOs
Page 13
View PDF ↗- René Giraud | Mirage IV pilot
- Herve Giraud | pilot (P) in incident on March 7, 1977
- [Navigator] | navigator (N) in Mirage IV, unnamed
- [Radar Controller] | Contrexeville military radar station controller (C), unnamed
- Dijon | flyover location
- Luxeuil | destination airbase for Mirage IV returning from night mission
- Contrexeville | military radar station location
- Mirage IV incident: aircraft at altitude of 9600 meters, flying at Mach 0.9, automatic pilot engaged. Pilot and navigator observed very bright glow at "3 o'clock" from their aircraft at same altitude, coming on collision course and approaching very rapidly. Designated as "assailant" (A1). Flight conditions very good.
- Radar controller had no corresponding radar contact on scope
- Pilot and navigator initially thought phenomenon was an air defense interceptor seeking to intercept their aircraft for identification purposes
- Three French pilot testimonies | included in report
- Five major aeronautical cases in the world | included in report
- Three ground sightings | included in report
- Four close encounter cases in France | included in report
- "Hundreds of remarkable, that is to say credible and well-documented, cases observed around the world in recent decades" | reference to larger body of cases
- "None of these cases has been explained, whereas the majority of times the investigations enable the origin of the phenomena observed by the witnesses to be determined" | report statement comparing explained vs unexplained cases
- "Their testimonies are all the more interesting because they can be evaluated better than other aerial phenomena since they pertain to the aeronautic world." | statement on credibility of pilot testimonies
- "This request on the part of the controller is a standard emergency procedure; it shows that the controller is so" | quote cut off, regarding oxygen check request
Page 14
View PDF ↗- Herve Giraud | Mirage IV pilot (P) in March 7, 1977 incident
- [Navigator] | Mirage IV navigator (N), unnamed
- [Radar Controller] | Contrexeville controller (C), unnamed
- Colonel Claude Bosc | T-33 fighter pilot, initially preserved anonymity but later revealed name
- [Other pilots] | Several other aircraft following same itinerary at 5-minute intervals, unnamed
- Combat Flight School at Tours | where Colonel Bosc was student pilot
- Contrexeville military radar station | radar control facility
- Luxeuil | Mirage IV base destination
- Tours | Combat Flight School location and destination airbase
- Rennes-Nantes-Poitiers | flight itinerary route for T-33 mission
- Mirage IV: "Assailant" A1 and A2 glows maintained courses with impossible radar evasion and supersonic speeds without sonic boom
- A1 maintained course toward Mirage IV; pilot initiated 3-4g bank to maintain visual contact; A1 moved to rear at 1500m distance
- A2 appeared 45 seconds after resuming course; pilot initiated 6.5g bank; glow followed at 2000m distance
- No radar contacts made on either A1 or A2 despite expected radar signature at that altitude
- T-33 incident: Pilot saw green signaling flare-like object at detection limit of ground lights. In 1-2 seconds, flare exceeded aircraft altitude by 1500m and leveled off in space before descending. Object approached at "dizzying speed" on collision course, filling entire front windshield. Aircraft completely enveloped in very bright phosphorescent green light. Pilot saw sphere (S) that avoided aircraft.
- "only a combat aircraft could have had performance comparable to that of A1 and A2 (speed, maneuverability). In this case, C would have had a radar contact on this aircraft, especially at that altitude" | report analysis of Mirage IV case
- "given the apparent maneuvers of A1 and A2, regardless of whether or not they were the same craft, their speed could only be supersonic" | report assessment
- Radar controller suspected oxygen problem causing "hallucination" | controller's assessment of pilot's observation
- "you wait and see, it's going to come back." | Mirage IV pilot to navigator before A2 appearance
- "watched" | Mirage IV pilot's description of his feeling
Page 15
View PDF ↗- Colonel Claude Bosc | T-33 pilot
- [Two other pilots] | pilots who followed same itinerary, saw phenomenon from distance, unnamed
- Jean-Charles Duboc | Captain of Air France flight AF 3532 (P)
- Valérie Chauffour | Copilot of Air France flight AF 3532 (CP)
- [Chief Steward] | crew member in cockpit, first to point out phenomenon, unnamed
- [Radar Controller] | who had not detected anything on scope, unnamed
- Reims Air Navigation Control Center | received sighting report from AF 3532
- Tavérny Air Defense Operations Center (CODA) | recorded radar track, conducted investigations
- Cinq-Mars-la-Pile control center | initiated radar track
- Northern Regional Air Navigation Center (CRNA) | handles 3000 movements per day, investigated AF 3532
- Coulommiers | Seine-et-Marne Department, vicinity of AF 3532 sighting
- Nice-London | Air France flight connection route
- Tavérny | location of CODA facility
- T-33 incident continuation: Sphere (S) 1-2m diameter, extended by comet-like tail, fluorescent green color, center with very bright white light (magnesium-fire type), sighting lasted less than 5 seconds, passed over right wing grazing it
- AF 3532 incident: Phenomenon initially appeared as weather balloon, then as aircraft banking at 45° angle. Estimated altitude 10,500m, distance approximately 50km. Craft appeared large based on apparent diameter. Shape changed from brown bell to chestnut brown lens shape, then disappeared almost instantaneously on left side of aircraft as if becoming invisible. Radar track recorded for 50 seconds, crossed flight AF 3532 trajectory, corresponded in location and time. Phenomenon disappeared from crew view and radar scopes simultaneously. Investigation determined approximate craft length of 250m.
- "all three agreed that what they were seeing did not resemble anything that they knew of" | AF 3532 crew assessment
- "The investigations conducted by CODA enabled both the hypothesis of a weather balloon to be ruled out" | assessment conclusion
- "only three cases over the last seven years" | CRNA assessment of investigated incidents among 3000 movements per day
Page 16
View PDF ↗- Thayer | radar expert on Condon Commission, published study in September 1971
- Professor MacDonald | atmospheric physicist, presented study in 1969
- Philippe Klass | editor of Aviation Week and Space Technology, attempted to criticize Lakenheath case in 1976
- [Lakenheath shift supervisor] | American noncommissioned officer, provided detailed report to Condon Commission in 1968
- American Captain Holt | intelligence officer at Bentwaters, forwarded report to Project Blue Book
- USAF | U.S. Air Force, Lakenheath military base
- RAF | Royal Air Force, Bentwaters military base
- Condon Commission | evaluated U.S. Air Force UFO research, published report in 1969
- Project Blue Book | U.S. Air Force UFO investigation program
- Lakenheath air traffic radar control center | facility that detected and tracked UFO
- Bentwaters control tower | facility where visual sighting was observed
- Bentwaters approach control radar | detected initial unusual sightings
- Aviation Week and Space Technology | journal edited by Philippe Klass
- Astronautics and Aeronautics | magazine that published Thayer's study in September 1971
- Lakenheath | USAF military base, 30 km northeast of Cambridge
- Bentwaters | RAF military base, near east coast of Cambridge
- Cambridge | reference point, United Kingdom
- [40 km southwest of Lakenheath] | location of stationary detected object
- 1956-08-13 to 1956-08-14 | night of Lakenheath incident
- 1969 | Condon Commission report published
- 1971-09 | Thayer's study published in Astronautics and Aeronautics
- 1976 | Philippe Klass attempted criticism
- 1968 | NCO sent report to Condon Commission
- 2100-2200 hours: Unusual sightings on Bentwaters approach control radar
- 2255 hours: Radar detected unidentified object moving east to west over Bentwaters at apparent speed of 2000-4000 mph (3200-6400 km/h), always almost into the wind. Personnel observed bright light at approximately 1200m altitude moving east to west "at an incredible speed." Military transport pilot observed bright light pass under plane moving east to west "at an incredible speed." No sonic boom mentioned.
- Stationary object detected approximately 40 km southwest of Lakenheath base, almost in axis of supersonic object's trajectory
- Object immediately accelerated from immobility to speed of 600-950 km/h when technicians observed it
- Condon Commission judged objects "unidentified"
- "The report, which was sent to the Condon Commission in 1968 by the then retired NCO, is coherent and does not contradict the documents in the USAF [Project] Blue Book file except in a few minor points" | assessment of reliability
- Condon Commission report | 1969 publication
- USAF Project Blue Book file | documents on incident
- Thayer study | September 1971
- MacDonald study | presented 1969
Page 17
View PDF ↗- [Venom pilot] | RAF night fighter pilot in first pursuit attempt, unnamed
- [RAF pilot] | pilot of replacement Venom with mechanical problems, unnamed
- Thayer | concluded article on Lakenheath case in Astronautics and Aeronautics
- James MacDonald | physicist who published investigation results in 1971
- Phillip Klass | journalist who attempted to trivialize RB-47 facts in 1976
- Brad Sparks | aerospace technology researcher, completed in-depth investigation in 1997
- RAF | Royal Air Force, sent Venom night fighters
- Lakenheath air traffic radar control center | directed fighter pursuit, tracked object
- Condon Commission | published report rating case as "unidentified"
- Astronautics and Aeronautics | journal where investigations published
- Lakenheath | base location for RAF response
- [10 km east of Lakenheath center] | location of initial target acquisition
- [16 km east of Lakenheath] | location of second target acquisition
- South central region of United States | location of RB-47 training flight
- 1957-07-17 | RB-47 incident date
- 1971 | MacDonald published investigation
- 1976 | Klass attempted criticism
- 1997 | Brad Sparks completed in-depth investigation
- Lakenheath continuation: Object changed direction multiple times, describing line segments of 13-30 km separated by abrupt stops of 3-6 minutes. Speed went from zero to 950 km/h without transition. Visual sightings from ground confirmed high speed and acceleration. Venom pilot acquired target visually and on radar at 10 km east, then lost it. At 16 km east, pilot again acquired and reported "my machine guns are locked onto him." Object positioned itself behind pilot and followed at short distance. Pilot attempted maneuvers (steep climbs, dives, sustained turns) for about 10 minutes to regain position behind object but UFO followed at constant distance. Object made several short moves, then left in northerly direction at about 950 km/h, disappearing from radar range at 0330 hours.
- RB-47 incident: Luminous unidentified flying object detected at night by sight, radar, and pulsed microwave emissions. RB-47 bomber with bomb bays converted to hold three officers equipped to detect ground radar emissions and their azimuth direction. Radar stations emitting signals at frequencies close to 3000 MHz with pulses lasting 1 microsecond.
- "taking into consideration the high credibility of information and cohesiveness and continuity of account, combined with a high degree of 'strangeness', it is also certainly one of the most disturbing UFO incidents known today." | Thayer assessment of Lakenheath case
- "The fact that radar and ground visual observations were made on its rapid acceleration and abrupt stop certainly lend credence to the report." | Lakenheath regulation telex conclusion
- "my machine guns are locked onto him." | Venom pilot statement
- "The bulk of this interpretation was refuted at the end of 1997, upon completion of an in-depth investigation" | regarding Klass's criticism
Page 18
View PDF ↗- Captain MacClure | RB-47 officer, detected pulsed microwave sources on radar
- Commander Chase | RB-47 pilot, observed visual sightings
- Captain MacCoyd | RB-47 copilot, observed bluish-white light
- Captain Provenzano | RB-47 officer, confirmed radar signal detection
- [RB-47 navigator] | one of three officers in cockpit, unnamed
- James MacDonald | physicist who questioned six officers in 1969
- Phillip Klass | journalist who analyzed case
- RB-47 bomber crew | six officers involved
- Utah radar center | located near Dallas, detected object
- Ground radar stations | sources of comparison signals
- Mississippi | location of first incident
- Gulf of Mexico | reference point for aircraft origin
- Mississippi delta | area east of first detection
- Louisiana | location of second incident
- Texas | location of third through final incidents
- Dallas | city reference and direction of object movement
- Utah radar center | located near Dallas
- 1957-07-17 | RB-47 incident date
- 1969 | MacDonald questioned officers
- 0930Z (0330 local time): Above Mississippi, pulsed microwave source detected behind and right of RB-47 at "5 o'clock," rapidly passed aircraft and turned around it, departing on left direction (between "6 o'clock and 9 o'clock"). Source airborne and supersonic. Signal characteristics matched ground radar stations except pulse length was 2 microseconds instead of 1 microsecond.
- 1010Z in Louisiana: Intense bluish-white light observed at "11 o'clock," jumped from left to right and disappeared at "2 o'clock."
- 1030Z: Signal identical to first one detected, confirmed by Captain Provenzano. Signal came from "2 o'clock" and direction remained unchanged as aircraft flew west for several minutes. Utah radar detected object maintaining constant distance of 18 km from aircraft.
- 1039Z in Texas: Large red light perceived moving 1500m below aircraft at approximately "2 o'clock." Aircraft altitude 10,500m, weather perfectly clear. Light appeared to emanate from top of object.
- 1040Z: Authorization received to pursue. Aircraft slowed then accelerated; object mirrored movements while maintaining constant 18 km distance.
- 1042Z: Chase accelerated, red object turned right toward Dallas, confirmed by MacClure.
- Around 1050Z west of Dallas: Object stopped and simultaneously disappeared from all radar views (Utah radar and onboard radar) and MacClure's screen.
- "at the time there were no supersonic aircraft either in the United States or in the USSR large enough to transport a radar, the signal from which possessed the characteristics that were observed." | assessment of technical impossibility
- "the disappearance of an object from a radar screen is less surprising nowadays; it calls to mind the active stealth technologies currently in development if not in operation" | modern assessment
Page 19
View PDF ↗- Commander Chase | RB-47 pilot, observed object dropping to 4500m
- MacClure | RB-47 officer, tracked object on radar screen
- [Utah radar operators] | reported object movements and prepared CIRVIS report, unnamed
- Hossain Perouzi | Tehran airport control tower night shift operator, observed object with binoculars
- General Youssefi | Third in command of Imperial Air Force, ordered F-4 response
- [First F-4 pilot] | pilot whose instruments failed, unnamed
- [Second F-4 pilot] | pilot who maintained pursuit of UFO, unnamed
- [American citizen] | obtained DIA report through freedom of information act, unnamed
- Tehran airport control tower | received initial reports
- Imperial Air Force Command | received sighting report
- Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) | U.S. agency that documented incident
- Air Defense Command | received CIRVIS report
- Imperial Air Force | Iranian military organization
- Dallas | reference point for RB-47 operations
- Oklahoma City | direction RB-47 headed, object followed beyond Utah radar range
- Tehran | capital of Iran, location of incident
- Shemiran | residential district in northern Tehran where object was sighted
- Iran | country where incident occurred
- 1957-07-17 | RB-47 incident continued
- 1976-09-18 to 1976-09-19 | Tehran incident dates, around 11:00 p.m. on September 18
- 1976-09-21 | France-Soir newspaper report date
- RB-47 continuation: At 1052Z, Chase saw object drop to around 4500m, RB-47 dove from 10,500 to 6000m, object disappeared from all views simultaneously. At 1057Z, object reappeared on MacClure's screen, Utah prepared CIRVIS report. At 1058Z, pilot regained visual contact at "2 o'clock." Object positioned itself behind aircraft at 18km distance as reported by Utah. Object flowed lower than RB-47 and behind it, not visible from cockpit but detected on MacClure's screen until Oklahoma City, then suddenly disappeared at 1140Z.
- Tehran incident: Around 11:00 p.m. September 18, Tehran airport control tower received several calls reporting strange immobile luminous object above Shemiran residential district. Hossain Perouzi observed with binoculars a rectangle (probably cylindrical object) with pulsed bluish-white lights at ends. Small red light in middle described a circle. General Youssefi saw object similar to star but much bigger and brighter. First F-4 came to 45km, flight instruments and all communication (radio and intercom) stopped working. Pilot aborted and instruments regained function. Second F-4: UFO's radar echo similar to Boeing 707. F-4 approached at relative speed of 280 km/h. When coming to 45km, UFO accelerated and maintained constant 45km distance. Crew unable to determine object size.
Page 20
View PDF ↗- [Second F-4 pilot] | pilot who attempted Sidewinder missile shot, unnamed
- [F-4 crew] | crew who observed object exit UFO and land, unnamed
- DIA | Defense Intelligence Agency, provided assessment
- General Igor Maltsev | Aviation General, Air Defense Forces commander, reported Russian incident
- [Unit commanders] | collected over one hundred visual sightings, unnamed
- Philippe Klass | attempted to trivialize Tehran case
- Marie Galbraith | author of book referenced regarding Russian incident
- Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) | U.S. agency that assessed Tehran case
- Air Defense Forces | Russian military organization
- Air Defense Radars | detection system used in Russia
- Russian combat aircraft | dispatched to intercept UFOs
- Tehran airfield | landing location for F-4 crew
- Dried up lake | location where object appeared to land, no traces found
- Pereslavl-Zalesski region | location of Russian incident east of Moscow
- Moscow | reference point for incident location
- Russia | country where March 1990 incident occurred
- 1976-09-18 to 1976-09-19 | Tehran incident
- 1990-03-21 | Russian incident date
- 1990-04-19 | Rabochaya Tribuna article publication date
- Tehran continuation: Bright object with apparent diameter one half or one third of moon exited UFO and headed rapidly for F-4. Lights arranged in rectangle, changing rapidly from blue to green to red to orange. Pilot attempted to shoot Sidewinder missile, fire control console and communications became inoperable. Object pursued at approximately 6km distance, moved inside F-4's bank and reentered UFO. Second object exited and headed straight down to ground, appeared to touch down gently and shine very bright light over area 2-3km in diameter. Crew momentarily blinded. Lost communications (radio and intercom) when crossing certain zone. Civilian aircraft also lost communications in same zone. No traces found at dried up lake location.
- Russian incident: UFO described as disk with diameter 100-200 meters (320-650 feet). Two pulsating lights positioned on sides. Object rotated around axis and performed 'S-turn' flight in vertical and horizontal planes. Hovered above ground then flew with speed exceeding modern jet fighter by two or three times. Objects flew at altitudes 100-7000 meters (300-24,000 feet). Movement not accompanied by sound of any kind. UFOs completely devoid of inertia, "come to terms" with gravity.
- DIA assessment: "An outstanding report. This case is a classic which meets all the criteria necessary for a valid study of the UFO phenomenon."
- DIA criteria assessment:
- a. Object was seen by multiple witnesses from different locations
- b. Credibility of many witnesses was high (Air Force General, qualified aircrews, experienced radar operators)
- c. Visual sightings were confirmed by radar
- d. Similar electromagnetic effects (EME) reported by three separate aircraft
- e. Physiological effects on some crew members (loss of night vision)
- f. Inordinate amount of maneuverability displayed by UFOs
- General Maltsev assessment regarding Russian UFOs: startling maneuverability, flight without inertia, ability to manage gravity
- "An outstanding report. This case is a classic which meets all the criteria necessary for a valid study of the UFO phenomenon." | DIA assessment
- "The object was seen by multiple witnesses from different locations..." through "An inordinate amount of maneuverability was displayed by the UFOs." | DIA criteria listing
- "I am not a specialist in UFOs, and therefore I can only correlate the data and express my own supposition. According to the evidence of these eyewitnesses, the UFO is a disk with a diameter from 100 to 200 meters [320 to 650 feet]. Two pulsating lights were positioned on its sides... Moreover, the object rotated around its axis and performed an 'S-turn' flight both in the vertical and horizontal planes. Next the UFO hovered above the ground and then flew with a speed exceeding that of the modern jet fighter by two or three times... The objects flew at altitudes ranging from 100 to 7000 m. [300 to 24,000 feet]. The movement of the UFOs was not accompanied by sound of any kind and was distinguished by its startling maneuverability. It seemed the UFOs were completely devoid of inertia. In other words, they had somehow 'come to terms' with gravity." | General Maltsev statement
Page 21
View PDF ↗- [Pilot of AR 674] | Aerolineas Argentinas flight pilot, unnamed
- [Standby airplane pilot] | second aircraft pilot in sector, unnamed
- [Airport controllers] | observed phenomenon, unnamed
- [San Carlos de Bariloche inhabitants] | some observed phenomenon, unnamed
- Edmond Campagnac | (C) former artillery officer, former chief of technical services for Air France in Madagascar, retired, witness and committee testifier
- Aerolineas Argentinas | airline operating flight AR 674
- Air France | airline where Campagnac worked in Madagascar
- SEPRA | source for San Carlos de Bariloche case information
- San Carlos de Bariloche airport | facility where incident occurred
- Buenos Aires | departure point for AR 674
- San Carlos de Bariloche | tourist resort in central Andes, destination of AR 674, 140km from initial sighting
- Andes Cordillera | direction of object disappearance
- Madagascar | location of Air France operations where Campagnac worked
- Antananarivo | location of August 16, 1954 sighting
- 1995-07-31 | San Carlos de Bariloche incident date
- 1954-08-16 | Antananarivo incident date
- "Terrestrial machines could hardly have such capabilities." | assessment regarding Russian UFO maneuverability
- San Carlos de Bariloche case interesting because: sighting corroborated by multiple independent observers both in flight and on ground; phenomenon lasted several minutes; different trajectories some closely following airplane; electromagnetic phenomenon (lights failures) directly related to object presence
Page 22
View PDF ↗- [Air France office personnel] | witnessed green ball sighting, several hundred witnesses total, unnamed
- General Fleurquin | Commander-in-Chief in Madagascar, assembled "scientific commission"
- Jean-Pierre Fartek (F) | former Air Force Lieutenant-Colonel, Mirage III pilot in 2nd fighter squadron at Dijon, now pilot for private company
- [Wife of Fartek] | witnessed December 9, 1979 sighting in complete agreement with husband
- Air France | office personnel witnessed sighting at Antananarivo
- 2nd fighter squadron at Dijon | Fartek's unit
- GEPA | Groupe d'Études des Phénomènes Aérospatiaux (Aerospace Phenomena Study Group), published bulletin describing sighting
- GEPAN/SEPRA | investigated December 9, 1979 sighting
- Antananarivo | location of August 16, 1954 sighting, Madagascar
- Madagascar | country location
- Dijon | location of pilot Fartek, France
- Farm school | location 150 km from Antananarivo where identical craft observed
- Housing development near Dijon | location of Fartek's house
- Grove of trees | 250m from Fartek's house, approximately 15m average height
- 1954-08-16 | Antananarivo sighting, 1700 hours
- 1964 | GEPA bulletin no. 6, 2nd half, described Antananarivo sighting
- 1979-12-09 | Dijon sighting, around 9:15 a.m.
- Antananarivo incident: At 1700 hours, large green "ball" spotted moving at high speed. First thought was meteorite. Phenomenon disappeared behind hill, thought to crash. Reappeared after minute. Revealed itself as "a sort of metal rugby hall preceded by a clearly detached green lens[-shaped portion] with sparks issuing from the rear." Estimated length of DC4 airplane or 40 meters. Green lens[-shaped portion] separated itself about 40m out front with fairly long sparks in rear. Craft flew over Antananarivo at estimated height 50-100 meters. Shop lights went out when craft moving. Animals exhibited anxiety. Craft departed westerly. Over zebu park caused violent fright reaction in animals. Two or three minutes later, identical craft observed 150km away above farm school, herds overcome with panic. If same craft, speed would be order of 3000 km/h. General Fleurquin assembled "scientific commission" to investigate. No trace in Air Force archives but GEPA bulletin no. 6 (2nd half 1964) described sighting.
- Dijon incident: December 9, 1979, around 9:15 a.m., Fartek and wife saw unusual object (M) in field near house. Estimated dimensions 20m diameter by 7m thick. Hovering approximately 3m above ground in front of grove of trees which partially concealed it. Described as two superposed saucers with very distinct contours inverted one on top of other, no portholes or lights. Metallic gray upper portion, darker (bluish) lower portion, perfectly delimited separation. Color difference not due to lighting given sun position. In constant motion with slight oscillations, frequency not very rapid, like trying to balance.
- General Fleurquin assembled "scientific commission" to investigate
- GEPA documented sighting in bulletin no. 6 (1964)
- Craft speed calculation: 3000 km/h if same craft between two locations 150km apart in 2-3 minutes
- "large" green "ball" | description by Air France witnesses
- "a sort of metal rugby ball preceded by a clearly detached green lens[-shaped portion] with sparks issuing from the rear." | witness description of Antananarivo craft
- DC4 airplane | size comparison for craft length
Page 23
View PDF ↗- Jean-Pierre Fartek (F) | pilot observer, reported to Gendarmerie de l'Air
- [Neighbors and their children] | reported to have made same sighting as Fartek, unnamed
- [KGB officer] | anonymous author of case summary
- Lieutenant Klimenko | provided testimony from first center
- [Two corporals] | provided testimony, first center, unnamed
- [Two soldiers] | provided testimony, first center, unnamed
- Second Lieutenant Volochine | described UFO as disk with hemispherical dome, attached sketch
- Soldier Tichaev | witnessed UFO with Second Lieutenant Volochine, stressed lack of noise
- [Guard team] | joined witnesses after some time, watched maneuvers for two hours, unnamed
- Gendarmerie de l'Air | Dijon air base, reported incident to
- KGB | declassified UFO reports in 1991
- Army missile base | Kapustin Yar facility
- First center | military facility where five testimonies originated
- Second center | military facility near first, where two testimonies originated
- Guard team | joined witnesses observing Russian missile base UFO
- Dijon air base | where Fartek reported incident
- Kapustin Yar | location of army missile base near Astrakhan, Russia
- Astrakhan region | location of missile base
- Missile depot | location illuminated by UFO beam of light at missile base
- Russia | country location
- 1979-12-09 | Dijon sighting continued observations
- 1989-07-28 to 1989-07-29 | Russian missile base incident, night observation
- 1991 | KGB declassified UFO reports
- 1993-03 | Muscovite journal AURA-Z published report
- Dijon continuation: Object M oscillated faster, tilted slightly forward like helicopter after lift-off. Left in horizontal direction at very low altitude without noise, no trail, very high speed, disappeared on horizon in few seconds. Never explained.
- Russian missile base incident: Up to three objects seen simultaneously between 2215 and 2355 hours at 3-5 km distance. One object silently made jerky movements with very abrupt starts and stops, periods of immobility. Fighter jet attempted approach, UFO escaped at lightning speed "giving the impression that the aircraft was hovering." Only aircraft noise heard, UFO must have reached supersonic speed. Second UFO sighted 2330 to 0130 hours at distance few kilometers to 300m. Described as disk 4-5m diameter surmounted by brightly lit hemispherical dome. Moved abruptly but soundlessly, remained immobile 20-60m above ground. Emitted phosphorescent green light, hovered 300m from witnesses and 20m above missile depot, illuminated depot for several seconds with moving beam of light. Lacked noise even when short distance away. Two witnesses joined by guard team observed maneuvers for two hours.
- "This sighting by a pilot professionally well informed of aeronautical phenomena was never explained." | assessment of Dijon case
- "giving the impression that the aircraft was hovering." | description of fighter jet's relative position to UFO
- Lack of noise prevented confusion with helicopter | notable observation by Tichaev
- Marie Galbraith's book | Chapter 9.1, contains Russian missile base information
- AURA-Z journal | Muscovite journal, March 1993, published account
- KGB declassified reports | 1991 declassification
Page 24
View PDF ↗- Maurice Masse | witness to Valensole incident, lavender field owner
- [Two small beings] | occupants of UFO, one pointed tube at witness, unnamed
- [Gendarmes] | questioned Masse during day, unnamed
- [Valensole gendarmerie force] | investigated case
- [Digne investigations squad] | investigated case for several days
- [Two young children] | witnesses to Cussac incident, unnamed
- [Dog] | accompanied children, alerted them to cow, unnamed
- Gendarmerie Nationale | conducted in-depth investigation of Valensole
- Valensole gendarmerie force | local gendarmes
- Digne investigations squad | regional investigation team
- GEPAN/SEPRA | conducted Cussac investigation
- Valensole | Alpes-de-Haute-Provence Department, France
- Lavender plateau | location near Valensole village
- Lavender fields | location where object landed
- Cussac | Cantal Department, France
- High plateaus | center of France location of Cussac incident
- 1965-07-01 | Valensole incident date, around 6:00 a.m.
- 1967-08-29 | Cussac incident date, around 10:30 a.m.
- 1978 | second inquiry conducted into Cussac at GEPAN request
- Valensole incident: Object shape reminiscent of "Dauphine" automobile standing on six legs with central pivot, resting in field approximately 90m from witness. Two small beings, one turned toward witness, pointed tube taken from sort of bag on left side. Witness totally immobilized, numbed and paralyzed but aware of events. Heavy noise when object lifted. Tube under object touching ground began to turn, as did six legs which retracted under machine. Object ascended vertically before tilting diagonally and disappearing faster than jet. Witness remained immobilized for about 15 minutes. Physical traces: depression impressed into ground soaked in place, cylindrical hole 18cm diameter and 40cm deep with smooth walls, three other bent holes 6cm diameter at bottom. Lavender beds dried up along object's axis of flight over about 100 meters. Phenomenon lasted several years, witness unable to replant plants within radius of several meters around tracks. Witness slept twelve to fifteen hours nightly for several months following, paralysis lasting several months.
- Cussac incident beginning: August 29, 1967, around 10:30 a.m., beautiful sunny morning on high plateaus, two young children watching family herd, dog accompanied them and alerted them that cow was getting ready to jump.
- "Despite a few contradictory elements in Maurice Masse's account, the data collected by the two gendarme brigades confirmed the plausibility of the facts, particularly the effect on the environment and on the witness himself" | gendarmerie assessment
- "The investigation into the witness's character did not turn up any specific information that would permit one to suspect him of mythomaniac behavior or of staging a hoax." | gendarmerie assessment of witness credibility
Page 25
View PDF ↗- [13-year-old boy] | main witness to Cussac incident, unnamed
- [Sister] | called by boy, witnessed incident
- [Four small black beings] | UFO occupants, height not exceeding 1.20m, one held mirror, unnamed
- [Dog] | barked during incident
- [Team of GEPAN investigators] | conducted second inquiry in 1978, unnamed
- [Qualified outside advisors] | included former examining magistrate, unnamed
- [Judge] | conducted final examination, gave opinion on witnesses
- [Gendarme] | arrived on scene immediately after incident, found tracks and noted sulfur odor
- [Secondary witness] | admitted being in granary, heard hissing sound, unnamed
- [Family doctor] | certified physiological disorders
- [Father] | mayor of village at time of incident
- [Man building shed] | witness to Trans-en-Provence landing, unnamed
- GEPAN | conducted second inquiry in 1978
- [Qualified outside advisors team] | included former examining magistrate
- Cussac | Cantal Department, France
- Enclosure | where cow grazed
- Road | where unknown children appeared
- Granary | location of secondary witness
- Trans-en-Provence | Var Department, France
- Garden | location where shed was being built
- Platform of earth | landing location below house
- 1967-08-29 | original Cussac sighting
- 1978 | second inquiry conducted
- 1981-01-08 | Trans-en-Provence incident, around 5:00 p.m.
- Cussac continuation: Four figures appeared not children but small black beings not exceeding 1.20m height. Two standing next to sphere, one kneeling before it, fourth standing holding sort of mirror that blinded children. Boy tried to call out, beings hurriedly returned to sphere. Children saw them rise from ground and penetrate ball from top, diving in head first. Sphere took off with hissing sound, rose into sky describing continuous spiral movement at high speed. Dog barked, cows mooed, very strong sulfur odor filled air. Secondary witnesses found: gendarme found tracks on ground at indicated place, noted very strong sulfur odor. Other witness heard hissing sound very different from helicopter. Children gave off strong sulfur odor, suffered physiological disorders, eyes ran for several days. Children exhibited fear reaction.
- Trans-en-Provence incident: January 8, 1981, around 5:00 p.m., man witnessed descent then abrupt landing on platform of earth below house of silent metal object. Object ovoid in shape, no apparent projections, wings, control surfaces, or engine. Rested on platform few short seconds, emitted no noise, took off and disappeared at high speed. Visible mechanical tracks and imprints in shape of crown.
- GEPAN | conducted investigation
- Former examining magistrate | qualified advisor in second inquiry
Page 26
View PDF ↗- [Man building shed] | witness to Trans-en-Provence landing, unnamed
- [Neighbors] | interviewed by gendarmerie and GEPAN, unnamed
- Professor Michel Bounias | ecology and plant toxicology laboratory of INRA, performed analyses
- [Cellular biology researcher] | witness to Nancy "Amaranth" case, unnamed
- [Gendarmerie] | recorded testimony less than 5 hours after sighting
- Gendarmerie | conducted in-depth investigation of Trans-en-Provence
- GEPAN | conducted investigation and analyses
- INRA | National Institute for Agronomic Research, ecology and plant toxicology laboratory
- GEPAN/SEPRA | investigated Nancy "Amaranth" case
- Trans-en-Provence | Var Department, France, January 8, 1981 incident location
- Platform of earth | landing site below house
- Nancy | Meurthe-et-Moselle Department, France
- Garden | location in front of witness's house for Nancy incident
- 1981-01-08 | Trans-en-Provence incident
- 1982-10-21 | Nancy "Amaranth" incident, around 12:35 a.m.
- Trans-en-Provence continuation: Expert appraisals including soil and plant sample analyses showed it was case of unidentified heavy metal object actually landed on platform of earth. Vegetation (wild alfalfa) profoundly marked and affected by external agent that considerably altered photosynthesis apparatus. Chlorophyll and certain amino acids exhibited significant concentration variations decreasing with distance from center of mechanical track. Effects disappeared completely two years later. Analyses showed not dealing with any known aircraft, helicopter, or military drone. Mechanical tracks and imprints in shape of crown present.
- Nancy "Amaranth" case: October 21, 1982, around 12:35 a.m., cellular biology researcher witnessed flying craft come from southeast, first thought airplane. Shiny craft, no clouds, sun not in eyes, excellent visibility. Speed of descent not very great. Once realized trajectory bringing it toward him, backed up 3-4 meters. Craft oval in shape, stopped approximately 1 meter from ground, remained hovering for about 20 minutes. Witnessed timed duration with watch. Described as ovoid, approximately 1m diameter, 80cm thick, bottom half metallic in appearance like polished beryllium, upper half blue-green color of inner depths of lagoon. No noise, no heat, cold, radiation, magnetism, or electromagnetism emitted. After 20 minutes, rose straight up until out of sight. Departure very fast, as if under effect of strong suction. No tracks or marks on ground, grass not charred or flattened.
- INRA laboratory analyses | conducted by Professor Michel Bounias
- Expert appraisals | soil and plant sample analyses
Page 27
View PDF ↗- [Cellular biology researcher] | witness to Nancy "Amaranth" case, continued observations
- [Auto mechanic] | driver on Paris-Lille freeway, saw red ball, reported to highway gendarmes
- [Gendarme chief] | ordered sealing of freeway and surrounding zone
- [Principal witness and family] | taken to hospital for examinations
- [Civilian and military security officers] | equipped with Geiger counters, investigated site
- [CNES official] | consulted regarding Cosmos 1900 satellite
- Jean-Michel Jarre | concert artist whose decoration caused the incident
- Gendarmerie | sealed off freeway and surrounding zone
- GEPAN/SEPRA | investigated explained phenomena cases
- CNES | consulted regarding Soviet satellite position
- Civilian and military security | went to incident site
- Jean-Michel Jarre concert organization | concert where sphere was decoration
- Nancy | Meurthe-et-Moselle Department, France
- Paris-Lille freeway | location of September 1988 incident
- Hospital | where witness and family underwent examinations
- Incident site | field where red ball came to halt
- London | destination for truck carrying sphere
- Indian Ocean | location of Cosmos 1900 satellite at time of incident
- 1982-10-21 | Nancy "Amaranth" incident date
- 1988-09-29 | Paris-Lille freeway incident date
- Nancy "Amaranth" continuation: When craft departed, grass stood straight up then returned to normal position. Visible traces on vegetation, particularly amaranth bush with tips of leaves completely dried up, suggesting subjection to intense electrical fields. Electrical field causing grass to lift had to have exceeded 30 kV/m. Effects on amaranth probably due to electrical field far exceeding 200 kV/m at plant level.
- Paris-Lille freeway incident: Auto mechanic saw enormous red ball cross road a few dozen meters away and roll down below road. Casting reflections of light and enveloped in dense smoke, came to halt in field. Highway gendarmes reported it, chief ordered sealing of freeway and zone several kilometers around object. Principal witness and family taken to hospital for series of examinations. Civilian and military security officers went to site equipped with Geiger counters. Sphere approximately 1.50m in diameter, small mirrors covered surface. Under bright searchlight, bore no sign of considerable heat build-up or mechanical effects from atmospheric reentry. Appeared intact. No smoke or radioactivity detected. Explained as decoration sphere for Jean-Michel Jarre concert that fell from truck carrying it to London.
- "Many sightings of aerial phenomena made in France that the witnesses could not understand and reported to the gendarmerie have been explained after a short investigation" | assessment of explained vs unexplained cases
- "the sampling conditions and then the storage of the sample did not permit this hypothesis to be verified definitively" | assessment of Nancy case evidence
- Cosmos 1900 | Soviet satellite with nuclear power generator awaited to fall
- CNES information | consulted regarding satellite position
- Jean-Michel Jarre concert | concert for which sphere was decoration
- "the electrical field, which was what probably caused the blades of grass to lift up, had to have exceeded 30 kV/m" | analysis of Nancy case electrical field
- "the effects on the amaranth that were observed were probably due to an electrical field that had to have far exceeded 200 kV/m at the level of the plant." | analysis of amaranth damage
Page 28
View PDF ↗- [Jean-Michel Jarre concert staff] | decoration sphere handlers
- [Inhabitant] | alerted local gendarmes to UFO sighting in Dombes region
- [Restaurateur] | first witness in Dombes, village resident
- [Two witnesses in car] | independent witnesses near village
- [Fish farmer] | fourth witness, awakened by dull noise
- [EDF representative] | French electricity company provided information
- Centre National d'Études Spatiales | tasked with setting up permanent UFO research structure
- Gendarmes (local Dombes) | alerted March 13, recorded testimonies
- GEPAN/SEPRA | conducted investigation on site
- EDF | French electricity company
- GEPAN | Groupe d'Études de Phénomènes Aérospatiaux Non Identifiés
- Paris-Lille freeway | location of previous case
- London | destination for decoration sphere
- Dombes region | location of March 1979 incident, small village
- Village square | area lit up by luminous mass
- Fish tank | location where fish died
- Power line | hung over fish tank
- 1988-09-29 | Paris-Lille freeway incident date
- 1979-03-10 to 1979-03-11 | night of Dombes region sighting
- 1979-03-13 | date gendarmes were alerted
- 1977 | CNES tasked with setting up GEPAN
- [thirty years before 1979, approximately 1949] | age of power line
- "small mirrors stuck to its polystyrene casing were for reflecting the show's lighting effects" | explanation of Jean-Michel Jarre sphere decoration
- "It discovered very quickly that the 10-kV power line hanging over the tank had melted." | GEPAN/SEPRA investigation finding
- "This would explain, on the one hand, the bluish glow and the noise heard by the witness and, on the other hand, the public lighting going out." | assessment of power line arc effect
- EDF | French electricity company that provided corrosion information
- Power line age | approximately 30 years old at time of investigation
- GEPAN/SEPRA investigation | conducted on site a few days after incident
- CNES mission | 1977 assignment to set up permanent UFO research structure
Page 29
View PDF ↗- Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES) | established GEPAN in 1977
- Groupe d'Études de Phénomènes Aérospatiaux Non Identifiés (GEPAN) | permanent structure for UFO study
- Service d'Expertise des Phénomènes de Rentrée Atmosphérique (SEPRA) | successor to GEPAN created in 1988
- Scientific council | chaired by Hubert Curien, 12 members from social and exact sciences
- Gendarmerie Nationale | responsible for collecting and centralizing UFO testimonies
- Civil and military aviation authorities | approached for data collection
- National Weather Service | approached for data collection
- Civilian and military research laboratories | participated in expert appraisals and analyses
- 1974-02 | first instructions given to Gendarmerie Nationale for UFO testimony collection
- 1977-05 | GEPAN began receiving UFO reports from regional gendarmerie forces
- 1977 | CNES tasked with setting up GEPAN
- 1988 | creation of SEPRA as successor to GEPAN
- 1965 | Valensole case referenced
- "CNES establishment had within it the skills and resources appropriate to this mission, in particular, engineers and personnel with high-level technical knowledge who were in close touch with scientific circles." | statement on CNES qualifications
- "This council had the job of guiding, organizing, and reviewing the work of GEPAN annually." | description of scientific council role
- "SEPRA plays a more limited role in the study of UFOs than does GEPAN, the scientific council of which has ended its mission" | assessment of organizational change
- Valensole case in 1965 | referenced as rare example of earlier investigation
- GEPAN scientific council | ended its mission after SEPRA creation
- Hubert Curien | scientific council chairman
Page 30
View PDF ↗- Gendarmerie Nationale | maintains handbook with collection procedures, local forces collect data
- Gendarmerie Nationale headquarters | Paris-based center that forwards reports
- GEPAN/SEPRA | processes and analyzes gendarmerie reports at two levels
- Gendarmerie Nationale schools | provide training and sensitization to officers
- CNES | objectives disseminated to regional gendarmerie forces
- France | country where gendarmerie forces operate
- Paris | location of Gendarmerie Nationale headquarters
- "Since 1974, over 3,000 gendarmerie reports representing an average of three spontaneous testimonies per document have been collected and forwarded to GEPAN/SEPRA" | data collection summary
- "All of these have permitted the characterization of a set of rare, natural and artificial phenomena" | assessment of collaboration results
- "showing that there was a remnant of events the nature of which had yet to be identified" | key finding from Trans-en-Provence and Amaranth cases
- Each gendarmerie force has manual with procedures for data collection on unidentified aerospace phenomena
- Level of intervention ranges from simple testimony transcript to actual investigation
- Investigations may be conducted jointly with GEPAN/SEPRA at sighting locations
- Over 3,000 gendarmerie reports collected since 1974
- Approximately 100 investigations and field interventions conducted jointly with local gendarmerie forces
- One hundred investigations and interventions conducted in field jointly with local forces
- Trans-en-Provence case | Chapter 4, studied under excellent conditions
- "Amaranth" case | Chapter 4, studied under excellent conditions
- CNES objectives | volume of information widely disseminated
- "Depending on the degree of complexity of the case reported, the level of intervention may range from the simple transcript of a testimony to an actual investigation" | description of intervention levels
- "UAP D" | category D unidentified aerospace phenomena designation
- "The results of this collaboration could be more effective. Regular updating of the data collection procedures would be desirable" | assessment of collaboration effectiveness
Page 31
View PDF ↗- Air Force Chief of Staff's Office of Planning and Studies (EMAA/BPE) | collected and archived first French aeronautic UFO sightings after WWII
- GEPAN | created with memorandum of understanding with Air Force
- Air Operations Center (CCOA) | Tavérny facility, forwards information to GEPAN/SEPRA
- Air Force Chief of Staff's Space Office | collaborates with CCOA
- Army Air Corps (ALAT) | collects flight information
- Civil Aviation Directorate (DGAC) | protocol with CNES for UFO reports
- Airlines | participate in sighting report collection
- Civilian and military research bodies | contribute to expert appraisals
- France | country where systems operate
- Tavérny | location of Air Operations Center
- Air traffic control centers | military and civil aviation facilities
- World War II | reference point for first French aeronautic UFO sightings
- [1977 onwards] | GEPAN operations began
- First reports of French aeronautic UFO sightings collected and archived by Air Force Chief of Staff's Office after WWII
- Memorandum of understanding defines Air Force and GEPAN respective roles
- All UFO sightings reported to military air traffic control center, forwarded to CCOA in Tavérny
- Radar information recorded in radar control centers, kept minimum one month, longer on request
- Protocol established with Army for Army Air Corps pilot information
- Air Force archives | contain early French aeronautic UFO sightings
- GEPAN memorandum of understanding | defines roles with Air Force
- Cooperation agreements | established with civilian and military bodies
- "Just after World War II, the first reports of French aeronautic UFO sightings were collected and archived by the Air Force Chief of Staff's Office of Planning and Studies (EMAA/BPE)." | historical reference
- "Airmiss" procedure | flight safety regulation triggered by flight captain for incidents involving safety
Page 32
View PDF ↗- EDF | French electricity company, lightning and line disturbance research
- CEA | French Atomic Energy Commission, lightning research
- National Weather Service | lightning research
- ONERA | lightning research
- CEAT | Toulouse Aeronautic Test Center, lightning research
- CNRS | National Center for Scientific Research, meteor and sect sociology research
- DGA | French General Delegation for Armaments, meteor research
- France Télécom | French telecommunications company, line disturbance research
- Universities | sect sociology research
- Fleximarge company | photography, films, satellite imagery processing
- Établissement Technique Central de l'Armement (ETCA) | Central Technical Armaments Institution, sample analysis
- Ministry of Defense | studied and deployed ORION system
- Ship Monge | carries surveillance and tracking radar systems and listening antenna
- France | national territory for ORION system
- [Two sites] | for SPOC optical surveillance equipment installation
- 1981-1988 | image processing work performed at ETCA
- [Current period mentioned] | SPOC equipment installation under way
- ORION system designed for monitoring, identifying, and predicting satellite passage over national territory
- GRAVES surveillance radar capable of detecting objects from 1 m2 at 1500 km distance
- SPOC optical surveillance system uses CCD cameras to detect orbiting satellites or magnitude 7-8 space debris
- SOLSTICE telescope development for geostationary orbit observation at 36,000 km
- "It should meet, at least partially, the need for the surveillance of UFO-type light phenomena." | assessment of ORION system capability
- "The following three applications should be emphasized" | statement highlighting key technical applications
- GEPAN technical memorandum no. 18 | documented techniques for studying UFO photographs
- ORION system | military surveillance system for satellite monitoring
Page 33
View PDF ↗- Jean-Baptiste Biot | physicist, conducted 1803 meteorite investigation in Laigle
- [Independent witnesses] | interviewed by Biot regarding meteorite sighting
- GEPAN | developed methodology for studying rare phenomena, approved by scientific council
- GEPAN/SEPRA | classifies cases after study
- CNES | adopted UAP terminology for scientific precision
- Universities | collaborated with GEPAN to perfect investigation method
- Laigle | Orne Department, France, location of 1803 meteorite sighting
- Trans-en-Provence | location of case study referenced
- France | country where research conducted
- 1803 | Jean-Baptiste Biot's meteorite investigation in Laigle
- [Present time] | in-depth studies can take up to two years
- GEPAN methodology identifies initially unknown phenomena and analyzes four data types: witnesses (physiology, psychology), testimonies (accounts, reactions, behavior), physical environment (weather, air traffic, photographs, radar, traces), psychosocial environment (readings, beliefs, media influence)
- Phenomena often identified as airplane, planet, satellite, etc.
- Analysis of traces may involve specialized laboratories
- Category D UAPs represent 4-5% of cases
- Strangest and most mysterious cases generally in Category D, some close to ground within few meters of witnesses
- "Scientists have long refused to consider sightings of stones that have fallen from the sky, which are generally reported by rural inhabitants." | historical assessment of scientific skepticism
- "He prepared a convincing report that gave scientific existence to meteorites." | assessment of Biot's methodology significance
- "CNES, out of a concern for scientific precision, adopted the term 'UAP' instead of the term UFO, which is more well known but more restrictive." | assessment of terminology choice
- Jean-Baptiste Biot's 1803 meteorite investigation | historical precedent for studying rare phenomena
- Trans-en-Provence case | Chapter 4, example of detailed study
- "Amaranth" case | Chapter 4, example of detailed study
- "Meteorites are among these phenomena." | reference to rare phenomena
- "UAP" | Unidentified Aerospace Phenomena, adopted terminology
- "Gendarmerie reports often contain sufficient data in order to be able to identify the phenomenon sighted." | statement on data quality
Page 34
View PDF ↗- Professor A. Hynek | astronomer and USAF consultant, proposed CE3 classification for Blue Book Project
- Claude Poher | first head of GEPAN, conducted statistical analysis of French cases
- Dominique Weinstein | author of "Rencontres dans le ciel" (Encounters in the Sky)
- GEPAN/SEPRA | conducted around 100 investigations
- USAF | Blue Book Project context
- USSR | conducted comparable statistical studies on UAP Ds
- France | location of 200 UAP D cases studied
- World | 1,000 cases studied worldwide
- Orange area | location of 1951 Vampire aircraft case
- Tours region | location of 1976 military pilot sighting
- Luxeuil | location of 1977 military pilot sighting
- 1942 | start date for aeronautical UAP D cases known worldwide
- 1951 | first UAP D case identified, Vampire aircraft
- 1976 | military pilot sighting over Tours region
- 1977 | military pilot sighting over Luxeuil
- 1981-01-08 | Trans-en-Provence case
- 1982-10-21 | "Amaranth" case
- 1994-01-28 | Air France visual-radar correlated case
- CE3s (close encounters of third kind) classification used per Hynek system
- UAP D statistical analysis shows distribution of physical characteristics: speed, acceleration, silence, shape, effects on environment
- USSR statistical studies yielded distributions comparable to French cases
- Around 100 investigations conducted by GEPAN/SEPRA
- Some investigations revealed rare physical atmospheric phenomena associated with lightning
- Others revealed unusual psychological behavior caused by hallucinogenic drugs
- Several investigations demonstrated physical presence of unknown phenomena
- Double-saucer-shaped objects observed close to ground, departed toward sky leaving traces
- Twelve French aeronautical cases identified, only 3-4 in category D
- First UAP D case 1951, Vampire military aircraft
- Two extraordinary sightings 1976-1977 with objects showing inconsistent aeronautical performances
- January 28, 1994: Air France commercial airplane crew collected first visual-radar correlated case over 50 seconds
- "It is interesting to note that statistical studies in the USSR yielded distributions comparable to those determined by Claude Poher" | assessment of international consistency
- "The investigations lead us to believe that double-saucer-shaped objects were close to the ground for some time, then departed toward the sky leaving traces on the vegetation" | assessment of Trans-en-Provence and Amaranth cases
- GEPAN technical memoranda no. 16 and no. 17 | detailed case analysis
- "Rencontres dans le ciel" | document enumerating aeronautical cases since 1942
- Chapter 1 | references military pilot sightings
Page 35
View PDF ↗- GEPAN/SEPRA | identified rare physical phenomena category
- U.S. Air Force | Blue Book Project conducted 1947-1969
- Air Material Command | issued report in 1947
- United States | location of 1947 report and early UFO wave
- Japan | first sightings date back to 1948
- USSR | first sightings date back to 1948
- [63 countries] | cited as scenes of aeronautical sightings
- 1942-1995 | time period of 500+ well-documented aeronautical UAP D sightings
- 1947-1969 | Blue Book Project period, 363 sightings identified
- 1947-11 | approximate date of General Twining report
- 1948 | first sightings in Japan and USSR
- 1952 | year with greatest number of sightings, 68 total
- 489 well-documented cases of aeronautical UAP D sightings with verified sources
- Most information from official sources, government authorities, Air Forces, SEPRA
- Classification ranges from simple visual sightings to elaborate sightings with environmental disturbances
- 363 sightings identified during Blue Book Project period
- 1952 had 68 sightings, highest year
- 63 countries cited as scenes of at least one aeronautical sighting
- 101 of 489 cases (21%) were "radar/visual" cases
- 76 of 363 Blue Book cases (21%) were "radar/visual" cases
- In 1952, 16 of 68 cases (23.52%) were "radar/visual" cases
- First sightings in Japan and USSR both 1948
- 30 of 68 countries reported "radar/visual" cases
- Phenomena exhibited paradoxical maneuvers
- "In conclusion, we can clearly establish that from 1942 to 1995, at least 500 well-documented and recognized aeronautical UAP D sightings were identified throughout the world, nearly 20% of which were 'radar/visual' cases." | conclusion regarding aeronautical evidence
- "They furnish proof of a physical reality of phenomena that exhibited paradoxical maneuvers." | assessment of physical reality
- Air Material Command report | November 1947
- Blue Book Project | 1947-1969
- General Twining report | conclusions on flying disks
- "The phenomenon reported is something real, and not visionary or fictitious" | General Twining conclusion 1
- "Disk-shaped objects the size of which is comparable to that of our aircraft do exist." | General Twining conclusion 2
- "It is possible that some sightings correspond to natural phenomena." | General Twining conclusion 3
- "The very high rate-of-climb observed, the maneuverability, and the escape" | General Twining conclusion 4 (incomplete on page)
Page 36
View PDF ↗- Orange | location of 1951 French military aeronautical case
- Tours | location of 1976 French military aeronautical case
- Luxeuil | location of 1977 French military aeronautical case
- Trans-en-Provence | location of close-up UAP D sighting
- Valensole | location of close encounter case
- "Amaranth" | location of close encounter case
- Cussac | location of close encounter case
- France | country location for cases
- 1947 | General Twining report date
- 1951 | Orange case date
- 1976 | Tours case date
- 1977 | Luxeuil case date
- 1981 | Trans-en-Provence case date
- [20+ years] | GEPAN/SEPRA work duration
- No irrefutable tangible proof (material whole or fragments) confirming physical nature of UAP Ds
- General Twining's 1947 conclusions supported by French case studies
- Orange, Tours, Luxeuil cases support Twining conclusion 4 regarding piloted or remote-controlled operation
- All French pilots reported "the object" appeared moving toward them, not vice versa
- All pilots considered object maneuvering abilities far superior to those familiar with
- Trans-en-Provence: object with metallic appearance and circular shape landed silently, took off within very short time near 2.5m high wall
- No modern aircraft capable of these silent maneuvers or landing precision
- Valensole, "Amaranth", Cussac cases suggest intelligent civilization behind UAP Ds
- Witnesses brought face-to-face with UAP D experience quick events followed by object escape
- No aggressiveness shown toward witnesses
- "We do not have irrefutable tangible proof in the form of material, either whole or in fragments, that confirm the physical nature of UAP Ds and their artifact character." | assessment of physical evidence status
- "Nevertheless, the collection and expert appraisal work carried out at GEPAN/SEPRA for over 20 years confirms the statements General Twining made in 1947." | assessment confirming Twining's conclusions
- "It is hard not to imagine a piloted or remote-controlled flying machine, or else one having highly advanced cybernetics." | assessment of Trans-en-Provence case
- "The study of certain foreign cases leads to conclusions similar to those drawn from the French cases." | assessment on international consistency
- General Twining report 1947 | foundational conclusions
- Chapter 2 | describes aeronautical cases
- Chapter 4 | describes close encounter cases
- "either piloted or operated by remote control" | General Twining conclusion
- "the object" that appeared to be moving toward them | pilot testimony
- "Most witnesses describe objects with a metal surface that are circular or elliptical in shape, the upper portion of which is dome shaped, flying without making any noise in a formation of three to nine objects..." | General Twining conclusion 5
Page 37
View PDF ↗- Socorro, New Mexico | location of case similar to Trans-en-Provence
- United States | experimented with MHD propulsion on ship models
- Japan | experimented with MHD propulsion on ship models
- Striking observations relative to current knowledge: aerial movements with silent operation, rapid accelerations, high speeds; engine shutting off in nearby land vehicles; locomotive paralysis of witnesses
- Most well-documented and credible sightings from aircraft pilots with radar support
- MHD propulsion principle involves electrical current flowing in medium surrounding ship with magnetic field
- Laplace's law exerts force on current and medium
- Medium displacement propels ship by reaction
- MHD successfully experimented with on surface and submarine ship models
- "One strong conclusion emerges from this set of facts: some UAP Ds do seem to be completely unknown flying machines with exceptional performances that are guided by a natural or artificial intelligence." | conclusion on UAP D nature
- "Credible sightings of aerial objects can be reinforced by plausible technical explanations of the phenomena reported." | statement on technical explanations
- MHD propulsion requires: magnetic field (windings with electrical current in ship walls), electrical current (depends on medium)
- In sea water: electrodes on hull create current easily
- In air: more difficult, requires strong electric fields to make air conducting
- Air can be made conducting when rendered conducting
- Laplace's law | physics principle for MHD propulsion
- Electric motors | principle comparison for MHD
- Socorro case | New Mexico, similar to Trans-en-Provence
- Trans-en-Provence case | Chapter 4 reference
- Chapter 8 | UFO hypotheses and modeling
- "Various principles of propulsion that do not require propellers or jet engines that could thus be silent" | statement on silent propulsion
- "According to Laplace's law, this field exerts a force on the current and thus on the medium in which it is flowing; this is the principle of most electric motors." | explanation of MHD principle
Page 38
View PDF ↗- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute | Troy, NY, conducted MHD propulsion research
- Great Britain | conducted MHD propulsion research
- Russia | conducted MHD propulsion research
- Troy, NY | location of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- United States | location of MHD research
- Great Britain | location of MHD research
- Russia | location of MHD research
- 1991 | discovery of superconductors operating at near-ambient temperatures
- 1996-02 | New Scientist journal publication on MHD research
- Air can become luminous when rendered conducting (frequently observed around unknown objects)
- Propulsion in air more difficult than in water due to weight compensation requirement
- Superconductive windings necessary for strong electrical and magnetic fields
- MHD aircraft model conceivable in short term
- Craft with witness-described movement capabilities likely within few dozen years
- Absence of perceptible air flow and noise while hovering close to ground pose remaining problems
- No cooling system observed on objects observed close-up explainable by short flight durations
- Silence of object maneuvers including supersonic speeds observed (no "bang")
- MHD propulsion could account for silence through wake and shock wave elimination
- Jet propulsion by chemical reactions comparable to rocket engines possible for space travel
- Space phase of unknown objects very far from sight
- Stealth skins render objects invisible to telescopes and radars beyond few kilometers
- Objects could use classic propulsion in space without detection
- "Propulsion in the atmosphere without propellers or jet engines is, therefore, completely possible in principle with MHD, and the calculations show that the power necessary is not, in certain cases, incompatible with our current aeronautical engines." | assessment of MHD feasibility
- "To sum up, based on the current state of our knowledge, an MHD aircraft model is conceivable in the short term, while the creation of a craft having the same movement capabilities as the aerial vehicles described by the witnesses seems quite likely to us within a few dozen years." | assessment of development timeline
- "For the time being, only the quasi absence of perceptible air flow and noise while hovering close to the ground pose problems." | assessment of remaining obstacles
- New Scientist | February 1996 publication on MHD research
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute | MHD research facility
- Part 1, Chapters 1, 2, 3 | silent supersonic maneuvers references
- Superconductors at near-ambient temperatures discovered in 1991
- Jet propulsion by chemical reactions for space phase
- Stealth skins provide invisibility at distance
- Particle beam propulsion with speeds fraction of light
Page 39
View PDF ↗- Von Ardenne laboratory | Soukhoumi, Georgia, developed particle beam generators
- Argonne National Laboratory | United States, space warfare research
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory | space propulsion research, imagined slingshot method in 1961
- Lawrence Livermore Laboratory | space propulsion research
- Air Force Astronautical Laboratory | Edwards Air Force Base, antigravitation research
- CERN | European Council for Nuclear Research, created anti-hydrogen atom
- Jane's Defence Weekly | publication reporting on military research
- CIS | Commonwealth of Independent States, pursuing antigravitation research
- Great Britain | pursuing antigravitation research
- Von Ardenne laboratory | Soukhoumi, Georgia
- United States | space warfare research location
- Argonne National Laboratory | location
- Edwards Air Force Base | Air Force research location
- CERN | location of anti-hydrogen research
- Great Britain | antigravitation research location
- CIS countries | antigravitation research location
- 1961 | Jet Propulsion Laboratory imagined slingshot method
- 1963 | Dyson proposed stellar reflection method
- 1999-07-29 | Deep Space 1 scheduled to miss asteroid 1992 KD
- 1996-06-10 | Jane's Defence Weekly publication date
- Particle beam generators developed for space warfare have low mass expelled and long expulsion duration
- Current particle beams less powerful than necessary but functional as low-power engines beyond planet proximity
- Deep Space 1 probe equipped with particle beam engine
- Nuclear fission propulsion projects: NERVA, ORION, DAEDALUS
- Nuclear fusion propulsion offers gains of over two orders of magnitude vs current engines
- Antimatter propulsion credible since CERN created anti-hydrogen atom and storage means
- Slingshot method off planetary gravity wells attains higher speeds without energy expenditure
- Slingshot method routinely used for missions to remote planets
- Stellar reflections (Dyson 1963) could attain considerable speeds limited by escape velocities
- Interstellar voyages using slingshot method would require thousands of years
- Engine shutting off in land vehicles reported frequently abroad
- No light beams associated with engine immobilizations observed
- Radio-frequency radiation such as microwaves hypothesized
- "At present, of course, these beams are much less powerful than what would be necessary here, but they are already of interest as low-power engines once out of the proximity of planets." | assessment of particle beam engines
- "To sum up, for travel both in the atmosphere and in space, we can formulate reasonable hypotheses on flight without any apparent means of lift in the first case and on the crossing of great distances, up to an interstellar scale, in the second." | conclusion on propulsion feasibility
- NERVA project | nuclear fission propulsion
- ORION project | nuclear fission propulsion
- DAEDALUS project | nuclear fission propulsion
- Dyson 1963 | stellar reflection method proposal
- Jane's Defence Weekly | June 10, 1996, antigravitation research
- Deep Space 1 probe | equipped with particle beam engine
- Antimatter storage demonstrated by CERN
- Anti-hydrogen atom creation by CERN
- Escape velocities limit slingshot speeds
- Slingshot method energy expenditure minimal
- Nuclear fusion gains over two orders of magnitude
- Antimatter propulsion gains one hundred times greater
Page 40
View PDF ↗- United States | microwave weapons development
- Former USSR | microwave weapons development
- France | studying high power microwave generators
- Air Force Weapons Laboratory | Kirtland AFB, studying paralysis effects
- Proton therapy accelerators | reference for charged particle beam effects
- United States | microwave weapons research location
- USSR | microwave weapons research location
- France | microwave generator research location
- Kirtland AFB | Air Force Weapons Laboratory location
- Microwave emissions would create electrical field around vehicle strong enough to cause ionization and electrical breakdown of air around ignition circuit
- Electronic ignition widespread since 1970s vulnerable to microwave action
- Modern diesel engines vulnerable due to electronic regulation circuits
- High power microwave beams capability within current technologies
- Charged particle beams capable of analogous effects on vehicles
- Proton therapy beams pass through tissue without initial damage, become destructive below certain energy threshold
- Beams of light passing through physical obstacles observed by witnesses
- Ionized air makes proton beams visible as truncated beams of light
- Locomotive paralysis affects only certain voluntary movements
- Respiration and posture not compromised in paralysis cases
- Balance not compromised, witnesses do not fall down
- Eye movements not affected
- Cerebellum controls posture and respiration independent of cerebrum
- Microwaves can act from distance on human body parts
- Paralysis effects studied at Air Force Weapons Laboratory Kirtland AFB
- "The ability to generate high power microwave beams is within the capabilities of our own technologies, as demonstrated by the intensive work being carried out in the United States and the former USSR to develop microwave weapons" | assessment of current technology capability
- "The paralysis effects observed can reasonably be attributed to microwaves acting from a distance on certain parts of the human body" | assessment of paralysis mechanism
- "The fact that we can formulate a credible hypothesis on the propulsion of the objects sighted is obviously only a positive indication, but not proof of their existence" | assessment of modeling credibility
- Air Force Weapons Laboratory at Kirtland AFB | paralysis effects research
- Proton therapy accelerators | example of charged particle beam effects
- Microwave weapons research | United States and USSR
- Microwave beams create strong electrical fields
- Ignition voltage amplified by microwave fields causes ionization
- Electronic breakdown of air around ignition coil, distributor, spark plug wire
- Electronic circuits paralyzed directly by microwaves
- Charged particle beams penetrate living matter without immediate damage
- Proton beams threshold energy determines destructiveness
- Ionized air becomes visible as light beams
- "This does not rule out the possibility of other types of radiation being used." | statement on alternative mechanisms
- "In this regard, the history of the technique teaches humility, but it can also yield quasi" | incomplete quote on technical history lesson
Page 41
View PDF ↗- Earth | (context for civilization development timeline)
- Solar system | (context for development of multiple civilizations)
- "You cannot breath in tunnels" | attributed to great scientists (historical false prediction)
- "science is almost finished" | attributed to great scientists (historical false prediction)
- "something heavier than air cannot fly" | attributed to great scientists (historical false prediction)
- Movements of objects currently beyond human capabilities will be technically possible within a few decades or few centuries | author
- Interval between appearance of conscious human intelligence and time to perform stellar expeditions is infinitesimal (1-2 thousand years) compared to age of Earth | author
- Development of other intelligent beings on other worlds cannot have taken place at exactly same rate as on Earth | author
- Probability of two civilizations in same solar system having equal development appears very low | author
- If neighboring civilization exists and is ahead of us, probability is they are thousands or millions of years more advanced | author
- Such advanced civilization's development would exceed our forecasting capabilities in every domain | author
- Chapter 8.3.6 | (internal document reference)
- Appendix 4 | (internal document reference)
- Jules Verne: Paris au XXe siècle [Paris in the 20th Century] | (literary reference on technological prediction)
- Jules Verne: Hier et demain [Yesterday and Tomorrow] | (literary reference on technological prediction)
- Cambrian period | (referenced as 600 million years from present)
- "You cannot breath in tunnels" | attributed great scientists
- "science is almost finished" | attributed great scientists
- "something heavier than air cannotfly" | attributed great scientists
- "closed" world | author (describing modern geopolitical context)
- "neighbors" are several thousand or several million years behind us (or do not yet exist as a conscious species), and it will be we who discover them | author
- "neighbors are ahead ofus, but then the probability is that this advance figures in the thousands ofyears or more, rather than in years or even hundreds ofyears" | author
Page 42
View PDF ↗- Systematic collection and scientific study of unusual atmospheric phenomena over several decades has permitted major advances | author
- Good proportion of sightings proven completely explicable: satellites, re-entries, sounding balloons | author
- Observer precision and veracity/consistency of testimonies have been tested | author
- Hoaxes are on the whole very rare and quite easy to detect | author
- Majority of observers provide reliable reports | author
- Most sightings have enabled credible and well-documented UAP Ds (category D unidentified aerospace phenomena) to be classified separately | author
- UAP D phenomena often attested by consistent testimonies coupled with radar sightings | author
- More than ten UAP D sightings exist, forcing investigation beyond dismissal | author
- Non-scientific hypotheses cannot be proven and aren't much good to investigation | author
- Futuristic craft sighted could theoretically be products of future human activity observing the past | author
- Time-travelers influencing past events is out of the question, even by being detectable | author
- Secret weapons hypothesis: Some observers believe UAP Ds are state-of-the-art military craft | author
- Studies on stealth aircraft and magnetohydrodynamics lead to impressive progress | author
- It would be extremely unwise to expose state-of-the-art military technology to laymen and foreign experts | author
- Section 8.3.1 Non Scientific Hypotheses | (internal structure)
- Section 8.3.2 Secret Weapons of a Superpower | (internal structure)
- Category D unidentified aerospace phenomena (UAP D) | (established classification system)
- Stealth aircraft | (military technology referenced)
- Magnetohydrodynamics | (military research referenced)
- "We are being manipulated without realizing it" | (hypothetical manipulation by secret group, extraterrestrial beings, spirits, devil, or psychological fantasies)
- "no action" | (former dismissive classification for UFO sightings)
Page 43
View PDF ↗- Mars | (historical possibility recently discounted)
- Solar system | (context for life emergence)
- Earth | (context for extraterrestrial origin analysis)
- Moon | (distance reference point for stellar distances)
- Secret weapons hypothesis would inevitably leak given decades of phenomena and recent political upheavals | author
- Disinformation attempts include special effects and montages accompanied by media publicity | author
- High-tech craft performances might serve to brainwash public opinion as propaganda technique | author
- Disinformation hypothesis stems from Cold War period | author
- Fear of extraterrestrial invasion used as destabilization tactic | author
- Disinformation hypothesis less satisfying than preceding ones because it runs against objections to each | author
- Holographic images technique is difficult to employ and requires considerable preparation | author
- Air is very transparent and diffuses light only very poorly | author
- Holographic images require large equipment or appropriate screen (e.g., film of water) | author
- Theoretical holographic images vs. simpler water-screen method frequently used for spectacular effects | author
- Water-screen method obviously leaves traces behind | author
- Holographic images and associated methods have only very limited use | author
- Unknown natural phenomena hypothesis cannot be ruled out but difficult to support when UFO behaves intelligently | author
- UFOs display intelligent behavior: approach, pursuit, evasion, and escape maneuvers | author
- Hypothetical Martians only recently disappeared from realm of possibility | author
- Solar system apart from Earth appears totally unable to produce organized life or advanced civilization | author
- Closest star already one hundred million times further away than the moon | author
- Only contacts possible from such stellar distances at present are radio | author
- Section 8.3.3 Disinformation Attempts | (internal structure)
- Section 8.3.4 Holographic Images | (internal structure)
- Section 8.3.5 Unknown Natural Phenomena | (internal structure)
- Section 8.3.6 Extraterrestrial Hypotheses | (internal structure)
- Cold War period | (historical context)
Page 44
View PDF ↗- 1947-07 (beginning of July) | Roswell, New Mexico extraterrestrial craft crash (reported in survey)
- 1997-06 | Time magazine survey on UFO beliefs
- 1948-1969 | USAF tasked with UFO study period
- Jean-Claude Ribes | professional astronomer | (scenario author)
- Guy Monnet | professional astronomer | (scenario author)
- O'Neill | physicist | (space habitat theory referenced)
- Dr. Mack | professor of psychiatry | Harvard | treats UFO abduction problem seriously
- (unnamed) | majority of astronomers | quoted assessment
- SETI | (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence radio contact program)
- MEGASETI | (expanded SETI program)
- U.S. Air Force | military | tasked with UFO study 1948-1969
- Harvard | university | (Dr. Mack's affiliation)
- Earth | (context for habitat/civilization)
- Solar system | (context for asteroid belt civilization)
- Asteroid belt | (hypothetical civilization location)
- Interstellar space | (crossing discussed)
- Roswell, New Mexico | (1947 crash belief survey location)
- United States | (UFO popularity and research organization)
- Majority of astronomers state there has been no UFO case sufficiently established to imply extraterrestrial origin | astronomers
- Interstellar distance crossing by extraterrestrials has elicited skepticism | author
- Scenario by Ribes and Monnet includes plausible interstellar voyages relying only on currently accepted laws of physics | author
- Extraterrestrial hypothesis given certain degree of plausibility by space community scenario | author
- Possible civilization colonized asteroid belt and used as staging base to Earth | author
- Current progress in space conquest and physics reinforces extraterrestrial hypothesis | author
- Alternative hypothesis: UFOs belong to advanced terrestrial civilization that disappeared from Earth and resettled in solar system | author
- Both hypotheses place UFO problem outside paranormal realm and promote thought about planet's future | author
- UFO subject presently very popular in United States | author
- Nearly one American in four believes extraterrestrial craft crashed at Roswell in July 1947 | Time magazine survey, June 1997
- U.S. authorities deny UFO phenomenon poses threat to national security | author
- U.S. authorities deny UFOs are evidence of extraterrestrial origin | author
- Air Force position on UFOs almost continuous denial | author
- Appendix 4 | (Ribes and Monnet scenario summary)
- Independence Day | fiction film
- Men in Black | fiction film
- Contact | fiction film
- SETI programs | (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence)
- Black holes | (futuristic propulsion concept)
- O'Neill habitats | (space structures concept)
- Chapter 9 - Organization of the Research Abroad | (internal structure)
- "to date there has been no UFO case that is sufficiently well established to imply that it came from an extraterrestrial civilization" | majority of astronomers
- "islands in space" | Ribes and Monnet scenario (O'Neill structures)
- "bypass" the vast expanse | futuristic concept enthusiasts
- "black holes" | futuristic propulsion method
- "a threat to national security" | U.S. authorities official position
Page 45
View PDF ↗- 1969-10 | General Bolender letter on military UFO reports
- 1969-12 | End date of official U.S. UFO studies
- 1974 | FOIA amendment passed
- 1976 | Declassified UFO documents became available
- ~40 years (from 1945-1985 approximate) | Period of UFO photograph analysis
- Condon | physicist | university commission | wrote conclusions on Project Blue Book
- General Bolender | Air Force Brigadier General | military | letter author October 1969
- François Louange | Chief Executive Officer | Fleximage Company | UFO photograph analysis expert
- Project Blue Book | U.S. Air Force | UFO research project
- Condon Commission | university commission | Blue Book evaluation
- Academy of Sciences | (endorsed Condon report)
- AIAA (American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics) | (criticized Condon report)
- Fleximage Company | (photograph analysis)
- U.S. Air Force | military | (tasked with Blue Book project)
- Condon wrote study of UFOs had little chance of advancing science | physicist Condon
- All official U.S. studies halted as of December 1969 | author
- Condon report endorsed by Academy of Sciences | author
- Condon report harshly criticized by numerous scientists, particularly AIAA | author
- AIAA pointed out summary/conclusions conflicted with analyses in report body | author
- AIAA recommended moderate, but continuous scientific work on UFOs | author
- General Bolender stated imminent Blue Book conclusion would not end military reports on UFOs constituting threat to national security | General Bolender
- Military UFO reports would continue per directives JANAP 146 and Air Force Manual 55-11 | General Bolender
- Photograph analysis represents delicate area of UFO investigation | François Louange
- Photographs constitute indisputable proof in public's eyes with special emotional factor | François Louange
- Photography field contains many errors and hoaxes | François Louange
- Natural and technical effects can produce surprising documents | François Louange
- Computer-equipped specialists can produce doctored negatives standing up to investigation | François Louange
- Doctored negatives can prove lucrative | François Louange
- Most negatives standing up to analysis contain only poor and unusable information | François Louange
- Negatives often limited to saturated bright spot on black background or vice versa | François Louange
- Photograph investigation area relatively disappointing | François Louange
- Physical and technical fields in analysis range from atmospheric propagation to photography/video and digital image processing | François Louange
- Analysis broken into two steps: authenticity establishment and interpretation of observable phenomena | François Louange
- Authenticity concept completely relative | François Louange
- Only negative conclusions on authenticity are definitive | François Louange
- Project Blue Book | (U.S. Air Force UFO research 1948-1969)
- Condon Commission | (Blue Book evaluation)
- Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) amendment | (1974)
- JANAP 146 directive | (military UFO handling)
- Air Force Manual 55-11 | (military UFO handling)
- "As regards authenticity, only negative conclusions are definitive" | François Louange (section title)
- "little chance ofadvancing science" | physicist Condon on UFO study
- "a threat to national security" | General Bolender on military UFO reports
Page 46
View PDF ↗- Los Angeles | offshore area | location of surveillance unit photograph
- Troposphere | upper atmospheric limit for lenticular cloud formation
- Unpiloted surveillance unit photographed in 1989 offshore from Los Angeles | (incomplete description on page)
- Lenticular cloud (cirrocumulus lenticularis) characteristics: central bulge, broad and narrow disk | cloud formation
- Lenticular clouds form above 7000 m altitude up to troposphere limits | atmospheric phenomenon
- Lenticular cloud shape influenced by pressure, temperature, turbulence, and very strong winds | meteorological factors
- Step 2 of photograph analysis: extract maximum information from authentic documents to identify known phenomena or characterize inexplicable phenomena | author
- Unknown phenomena compared with other unexplained phenomena to draw possible parallels | author
- Photographic and video documents available come only from fortuitous witnesses | author
- Very few opportunities for significant data exploitation due to statistical considerations | author
- Chances of witnessing rare phenomenon very low | author
- Likelihood of having camera equipment ready to use at critical moment low | author
- Probability of making proper adjustments and calmly taking professional quality photographs low | author
- Reasonable to limit in-depth investigations to cases with two conditions: original document available and at least one independent source of information | author
- Lenticular cloud shape definitely open to every interpretation for those wishing to see flying saucer | author
- Lenticular galaxy definition matches lenticular cloud definition | author
- Lenticular galaxies | (astronomical reference)
- Cirrocumulus lenticularis | (meteorological cloud type)
- Military surveillance craft | (military technology)
- "a priori inexplicable" | phenomenon characterization criterion
- "Trick of the eye: lens-shaped clouds" | section header
- "When military craft play UFOs" | section header
Page 47
View PDF ↗- 1975 | Missile base overflight incident
- 1976 | Tehran incident (referenced in Chapter 2)
- 1981-1985 | Evan Griffith Galbraith served as U.S. ambassador to France
- 1995 | Endorsement of Unidentified Flying Objects Briefing Document by three associations
- September (year not specified) | International scientific colloquium organized (incomplete on page)
- Marie Galbraith | leading U.S. personality | UFO research coordinator
- Evan Griffith Galbraith | U.S. ambassador to France (1981-1985) | Marie's husband
- Laurance Rockefeller | financial and moral supporter | brother of David Rockefeller
- David Rockefeller | (mentioned as famous relative)
- DIA (Defense Intelligence Agency) | assessment of 1976 Tehran incident
- JANAP (Joint Army, Navy, Air Force Publication) | military publication system
- Air Operations Command | military command (now NORAD)
- NORAD (North American Air Defense) | military command in Colorado Springs
- U.S. Air Force | military
- CIA | special department interested in UFOs
- American ufological associations | several thousand members
- CUFOS (Center for UFO Research) | major ufological association
- FUFOR (Fund for UFO Research) | major ufological association
- MUFON (Mutual UFO Network) | major ufological association
- U.S. Congress | recipients of Galbraith documentation book
- United States | JANAP 146 application area
- Canada | JANAP 146 application area
- Colorado Springs | NORAD location
- France | Evan Griffith Galbraith's ambassadorial post
- Avenue Gabriel | Paris location (Marie Galbraith residence)
- Missile bases | 1975 overflight incident locations
- Canadair CL-227 Sea Sentinel military drone | surveillance craft
- Sikorsky "Cypher" surveillance drone | used by U.S. Army in urban conflict situations
- JANAP 146 applies to military personnel and certain civilians (flight captains, merchant marine captains) in U.S. and Canada | regulation
- Urgent reports required to Air Operations Command (now NORAD) in Colorado Springs | regulation
- UFOs listed among objects requiring defensive action/investigation (missiles, submarines) | JANAP 146
- Disclosure of contents subject to espionage penalties | regulation
- JANAP 146 perhaps still in force in recent years | author
- Regulation may explain reticence of American military personnel to discuss UFOs | author
- American ufological associations attempt to fill gap left by public authorities | author
- FOIA showed Air Force and CIA very much interested in UFOs | author
- 1975 missile base overflight and 1976 Tehran incident were spectacular cases | author
- DIA deemed 1976 Tehran incident "radar/visual" case meeting all conditions for legitimate UFO study | DIA
- Marie Galbraith well-acquainted with France and French language | author
- Galbraith book is clear and documented | author
- Book endorsed by three major ufological associations in 1995 | author
- Book sent to more than thousand prominent figures worldwide and U.S. congressmen | author
- Galbraith's goal is to end UFO secrecy in U.S. and other governments | author
- UFO secrecy essentially military in origin according to book editors | author
- Nation first to reproduce exceptional UFO characteristics will dominate world | book editors
- Secrecy was justified during Cold War but no longer justified | book editors
- Scientific and technical breakthroughs useful to humanity expected from UFO study | author
- Galbraith's book is descriptive, not interpretive | author
- Book does not interpret phenomena sighted or propose physical modeling/hypotheses | author
- JANAP 146 | (military reporting procedure)
- Air Force Manual 55-11 | (referenced in previous section)
- Chapter 2 | (1976 Tehran incident reference)
- FOIA | (brought resurgence of ufological activity)
- Unidentified Flying Objects, Briefing Document, the best available evidence | (Galbraith publication)
- CUFOS, FUFOR, MUFON | (three main ufological associations)
- International scientific colloquium | (September, organized)
- "A classic case that meets all the conditions required for a legitimate study of the UFO phenomenon" | DIA assessment of 1976 Tehran incident
- "Unidentified Flying Objects" (UFOs) | JANAP 146 category
- "Unidentified Flying Objects, Briefing Document, the best available evidence" | Galbraith book title
Page 48
View PDF ↗- 1947-07 | Corso's alleged observation of extraterrestrial occupant cadaver at Roswell
- 1953-1957 | Colonel Corso's tenure as military member of National Security Council Staff
- 1961-1962 | Corso's service as chief of foreign technology in Army R & D Department
- 1963 | Corso left Army; appointed congressional attaché by Strom Thurmond
- 1969-12 | Blue Book Project ended
- 1994 | First U.S. Air Force official report on Roswell published
- 1997-07 | The Day After Roswell published for 50th anniversary of Roswell incident
- 1997 | Laurance Rockefeller-sponsored scientific colloquium at Pocantico
- 1956 | Lakenheath "radar/visual" case
- Colonel Corso | military officer | National Security Council Staff, Army R & D | author of The Day After Roswell
- President Eisenhower | U.S. President | constant contact with Corso 1953-1957
- Strom Thurmond | Senator | chairman of Senate Armed Services Committee | wrote foreword to Corso book
- Peter Sturrock | astrophysicist | moderator of Rockefeller colloquium
- Laurance Rockefeller | philanthropist | organized 1997 scientific colloquium
- Simon & Schuster | publisher | published The Day After Roswell
- (unnamed) | SEPRA head | French participation in colloquium
- (unnamed) | two members | SEPRA scientific council, French participation
- National Security Council Staff | U.S. government | Corso's service 1953-1957
- Army R & D Department | U.S. military | Corso's chief of foreign technology 1961-1962
- U.S. Congress | legislative body | Corso appointed attaché
- Rockefeller Bros. Fund | foundation | property owner at Pocantico
- SEPRA | French UFO research organization | head and two council members participated
- RAF (Royal Air Force) | British military | interested in UFOs
- British Ministry | government | responsible for RAF
- Simon & Schuster | publisher
- Roswell, New Mexico | 1947 incident location
- Pocantico | colloquium location near West Point
- West Point | near Pocantico colloquium location
- Rockefeller property | colloquium venue
- Great Britain | UFO research organization location
- Lakenheath | location of 1956 "radar/visual" case (Chapter 2)
- Colloquium focused on physical evidence concerning UFOs | author
- Specialists formed scientific council judging UFO researcher papers | author
- French participation was quite noteworthy | author
- Summary document expressed desire for many countries to have UFO research organization comparable to France | author
- Corso's book is astonishing | author
- Corso stated object found at Roswell was indeed extraterrestrial vessel | Corso
- Corso reportedly saw cadaver of occupant preserved in glass coffin in July 1947 | Corso
- Corso apparently tasked with allowing U.S. industry to benefit from high-tech objects from wreckage | author
- High-ranking military officers and some U.S. congressmen know about extraterrestrial craft | Corso
- Concealment made to avoid panics | Corso
- Full disclosures going to be able to be made | Corso
- U.S. has means to counter possible UFO attack after 50 years of striving | Corso
- Some of Corso's claims surprising at very least | author
- Book contents cannot be easily dismissed given author's career | author
- Thurmond requested foreword not appear in reprints | Thurmond
- Thurmond allegedly not told book was about UFOs | author
- Difficult to believe foreword writer and publisher not acting with full knowledge of facts | author
- U.S. Air Force published second report on Roswell denying extraterrestrial crash hypothesis | author
- 1994 report was first official study on UFOs since end of Blue Book in 1969 | author
- Air Force reaction may be intended to reassure those worried by Corso's revelations | author
- Great Britain scene of several remarkable UFO cases | author
- RAF and British Ministry became interested in UFOs early on | author
- The Day After Roswell | book by Colonel Corso
- Roswell incident | 50th anniversary in 1997
- Chapter 2 | Lakenheath case reference
- "Roswell and Disinformation" | Appendix [5]
- Blue Book Project | ended 1969
- SEPRA | French UFO research organization
- "The Day After Roswell" | book title
- "fforeward" | (appears to be typographical error in original)
- "The fiftieth anniversary ofthe Roswell incident" | context marker
Page 49
View PDF ↗- 1964 | Creation of British MOD UFO study unit
- 1969-1972 | Ralph Noyes's tenure as MOD UFO department head
- 1971-1973 | Lord Hill-Norton served as Chief of Defence Staff
- 1977 | Ralph Noyes ended career at MOD as Undersecretary of State for Defence
- 1980s | House of Lords group studying UFOs active
- 1979 | USSR Academy of Sciences began UFO studies at least
- 1991-1994 | Nick Pope served as head of MOD UFO study unit
- 1992 | Publication of UFOs and Modern Science by Platov
- Nick Pope | MOD career employee | head of UFO study unit 1991-1994
- Ralph Noyes | MOD official | UFO unit head 1969-1972, ended career as Undersecretary of State for Defence 1977
- Lord Hill-Norton | Admiral of the Fleet | Chief of Defence Staff 1971-1973
- Timothy Good | author | wrote Above Top Secret
- Vladimir Migouline | member of USSR Academy of Sciences | expert on UFO sightings
- Platov | assistant to Migouline | author of UFOs and Modern Science (1992)
- British Ministry of Defence (MOD) | government | UFO study unit created 1964
- Sec(AS)2a (Department 2a of Secretariat Air Staff division) | MOD UFO unit
- RAF (Royal Air Force) | military | bases report to MOD unit
- RAF space object surveillance base at Flyingdales | RAF facility
- Greenwich Observatory | referenced for inquiry
- House of Lords | British legislature | UFO study group in 1980s
- USSR Academy of Sciences | scientific body | UFO studies since 1979
- Expert's group on abnormal phenomena | Academy of Sciences division led by Migouline and Platov
- United Kingdom | MOD UFO studies location
- Flyingdales | RAF space object surveillance base
- Greenwich Observatory | inquiry location
- Soviet Union | location of UFO sightings studied
- Russia | UFO research organization location
- MOD UFO study unit created in 1964 | author
- Department receives telephone calls, letters, and witness reports from police, airports, RAF bases | author
- MOD conducts classic investigations when deemed useful | author
- Department questions radar stations, weather stations, RAF surveillance bases, other RAF bases, Greenwich Observatory | author
- Unique mission to determine if reports have defense significance | author
- Nick Pope broke new ground compared to predecessors | author
- Pope gave press interviews and participated in television programs | author
- Pope cooperated with ufological associations giving contact information | author
- Pope admitted small proportion of UFO sightings defied explanation | Pope
- MOD keeping mind open regarding unexplained sightings | Pope
- Predecessors wrote all cases could be explained with sufficient data | Pope's predecessors
- Nick Pope evokes various hypotheses for unidentified cases | author
- Pope strongly favors extraterrestrial hypothesis | author
- Pope expresses desire for ministry to take UFO threat seriously | author
- Whether secret UFO department exists in MOD beyond Pope's unit is questioned | author
- Pope's statements on secret department existence contradictory | author
- Ralph Noyes considers existence of secret UFO department likely | Ralph Noyes
- Lord Hill-Norton shares opinion on likely secret department existence | Lord Hill-Norton
- If secret department exists, presumed to work in collaboration with United States | author
- Hill-Norton was among thirty lords active in House of Lords UFO study group in 1980s | author
- USSR Academy of Sciences conducted UFO studies since at least 1979 | author
- Vast majority of Soviet sightings correspond to real phenomena similar to other countries | Vladimir Migouline
- No indisputable proof some sightings involve technological manifestations of highly developed civilization | Vladimir Migouline
- Necessary to connect sightings with atmospheric phenomena | Vladimir Migouline
- Migouline and Platov proposed scientific and technical approach | author
- Open Skies, Closed Minds | book by Nick Pope
- Above Top Secret | book by Timothy Good, foreword by Lord Hill-Norton
- La Recherche | publication where Migouline expressed opinion
- UFOs and Modern Science | book by Platov (1992)
- Chapter 2 | (implied earlier UFO case discussion)
- "area of defence significance" | MOD UFO department mission criterion
- "If we had sufficient data, all of the cases could undoubtedly be explained" | MOD predecessors
- "The vast majority of these sightings correspond to real phenomena just about the same as those sighted in other countries. But there is no indisputable proof that some of them involve technological manifestations of a highly developed civilization. It is also necessary to try to connect them with atmospheric phenomena" | Vladimir Migouline
Page 50
View PDF ↗- 1978-1988 | Military investigations conducted, collection sold to ABC News in 1994
- 1982-1990 | Period covered by declassified KGB Cases of Sightings of Abnormal Events
- 1989 | Astrakhan Army missile base UFO incident
- 1990-03-21 | Pereslav-Zalesski visual/radar case (night of March 21)
- 1991 | KGB declassified 124 pages of UFO documents
- 1994 | Colonel Boris Sokolov sold military investigation collection to ABC News
- 1944 | Beginning of credible, confirmed UFO sightings
- 1977 (end of) | First prototype stealth aircraft flight
- 1988 | Stealth aircraft existence became known (~10 years after first flight)
- Migouline and Platov | heads of expert's group | USSR Academy of Sciences | proposed cooperation to SEPRA
- Colonel Boris Sokolov | military | sold investigations to ABC News in 1994
- Aviation General Maltsev | commander of territorial air defense | author of 1990 article
- (unnamed) | seven military members | witnesses to Astrakhan incident 1989
- USSR Academy of Sciences | scientific body | conducted UFO studies
- Siberian section | Academy of Sciences | less well-known UFO studies
- KGB | Soviet security service | conducted UFO studies, declassified documents 1991
- Soviet military | military organization | conducted investigations
- SEPRA | French UFO research organization | proposed cooperation recipient
- CNES (Centre National d'Études Spatiales) | French space organization | management did not follow-up on SEPRA cooperation offer
- ABC News | news organization | purchased military investigation collection 1994
- Rabochaya Tribuna | newspaper | published article 1990
- Soviet air defense | military organization
- USSR Territory | location covered by KGB documents 1982-1990 (17 regions total)
- Astrakhan | Army missile base location of 1989 UFO incident
- Siberian section | Academy of Sciences location
- Pereslav-Zalesski | location of March 21, 1990 visual/radar case
- France | context for UFO threats discussion
- Three bright disks over Astrakhan Army missile base in 1989 | observed by seven military members
- Objects went from hovering to high speed and back without making noise | Astrakhan incident
- Soviet fighter jet approached objects; one escaped so quickly fighter jet seemed standing still | Astrakhan incident
- Silent discoid object at Pereslav-Zalesski night of March 21, 1990 | visual/radar case
- Object went from hovering to speed two or three times faster than modern fighter jet | Pereslav-Zalesski incident
- Multiple witnesses confirmed Pereslav-Zalesski incident | author
- CNES management did not follow-up on proposed cooperation between Migouline/Platov and SEPRA | author
- Siberian Academy of Sciences studies less well known in West | author
- Siberian studies do not rule out extraterrestrial hypotheses, even favor it | author
- KGB declassified documents during Glasnost period | author
- UFO has not been certain cause of accident or hostile act officially | author
- No UFO threat materialized in France officially | author
- Intimidation maneuvers have been confirmed in France | author
- Numerous manifestations could be work of extraterrestrial craft | author
- If terrestrial craft, could only be American and would be known despite secrecy | author
- First stealth prototype flew end of 1977; existence became known about 10 years later in 1988 | author
- Credible confirmed UFO sightings began in 1944 (before stealth development) | author
- Subject elicits amused skepticism or mistrust regarding serious mention | author
- In absence of explanations, extraterrestrial origin hypothesis cannot be ruled out | author
- Part 3 will study consequences of extraterrestrial hypothesis from strategic, scientific, political, religious, and media standpoints | author
- Definition of strategy toward "adversary" requires knowledge (incomplete on page)
- Cases of Sightings of Abnormal Events over USSR Territory, 1982-1990 | KGB declassified document collection
- Chapter 1.1, 2.1, 2.3 | (French intimidation maneuver references)
- Chapter 3 | (Astrakhan incident detailed reference)
- Chapter 2 | (Pereslav-Zalesski case reference)
- PART 3 - UFOs and Defense | (new section beginning)
- Chapter 10 - Strategic Planning | (new chapter beginning)
- "Glasnost" | Soviet era policy
- "a fortiori" | legal/logical term used in assessment
- "Cases of Sightings of Abnormal Events over USSR Territory, 1982-1990" | KGB declassified document title
Page 51
View PDF ↗- 1947 | Beginning of continued UFO manifestations
- 1952-1954 | Surprising peaks in UFO manifestations worldwide
- Earth | target of analysis
- States (plural) | context for extraterrestrial intentions
- United States | possible preferred contact location
- European countries | possible contact locations
- Russia | possible contact location
- China | possible contact location
- Japan | possible contact location
- Luxeuil | location of intimidation maneuvers
- Tehran | location of intimidation maneuvers
- Nuclear missile bases | locations of overflights
- Saucer-shaped UFOs | phenomenon description
- Luminous sphere or cylinder-shaped UFOs | phenomenon description
- Hovering followed by accelerations at lightning speed | UFO behavior
- Absence of noise during flight | characteristic
- Easily supersonic speed with no sonic boom | characteristic
- Associated electromagnetic effects interfering with radio/electrical apparatus | characteristic
- UFO manifestations in many places throughout world in recent decades | pattern
- Surprising peaks in manifestations between 1952 and 1954 | frequency pattern
- Sporadic manifestations of UFOs and repeated waves of sightings continued since 1947 | pattern
- Overflights of nuclear missile bases | observed behavior (Chapter 3)
- Intimidation maneuvers against aircraft at Luxeuil and Tehran | observed behavior (Chapters 1.1 and 2)
- Definition of strategy toward adversary requires knowledge of intentions and modes of action | author
- Can only advance hypotheses based on observed facts and interpretation | author
- Three key questions: Who are they? What are intentions? Seeking contact or already made it? | author
- Relative consistency emerges from numerous phenomenon descriptions | author
- Extraterrestrials are highly intellectually endowed and technologically advanced | author
- Rest remains mystery: morphology, physical make-up, type of life, communication, society, values, time concept, motivations | author
- Apparent contradiction between interest shown and furtiveness noted | author
- Rather than observe, they want to show themselves and gradually acclimate humanity to their existence | author
- UFOs manifested with surprising peaks between 1952-1954 without well-defined course of action visible | author
- After observation and existence demonstration phases, logical expectation would be leaving mark/imposing will | author
- Nothing currently deduces driving desire or discernible purposes from manifestations | author
- Preferred contacts plausibly attributed to United States | author
- Nothing contradicts possible contacts with European countries, Russia, China, Japan, or others | author
- Difficult to imagine positioning on earth with state complicity | author
- Contact hypotheses do not enable deduction of status quo with visitors | author
- Sporadic manifestations and repeated waves continued since 1947 | author
- Visitors showing intention to continue making themselves known in diverse locations | author
- Visitors continuing to carry out plans whose aims and means still escape humanity | author
- Before 1947 and after, visitors may have had fears for earth's future threatened by nuclear war | author
- Influences may be accompanied by appropriate demonstrations | author
- Chapter 3 | (nuclear missile base overflights reference)
- Chapter 1.1 | (Luxeuil intimidation maneuvers reference)
- Chapter 2 | (Tehran intimidation maneuvers reference)
- Section 10.1 | (What Extraterrestrials section)
- Section 10.2 | (Intentions and Strategy section)
- "Who are they? What are their intentions? Are they seeking to make contact or have they already done so?" | three key strategic questions
- "status quo" | diplomatic/strategic relationship term
- "fortified by their superiority" | author describing visitor advantage
Page 52
View PDF ↗- 1947-06 | Wave of UFO sightings
- 1947-07 | Roswell affair
- (22 years later) | Revelation of General Twining's secret report in Condon report (approximately 1969)
- United States | country with strange position regarding UFOs
- Condon report | revealed existence of Twining's secret report
- Earth | potential target or object of extraterrestrial concern
- Asteroid belt | presumed location of extraterrestrial stations/colonies
- Moon | possible location of relay stations
- United States | country with asteroid orbit modification projects
- San Carlos de Bariloche | location of witness paralysis incident (Chapter 2.5)
- Luxeuil | location of intimidation maneuvers (Chapter 2.3)
- Tehran | location of intimidation maneuvers (Chapter 2.3)
- Witnesses paralyzed during UFO incidents | phenomenon (San Carlos de Bariloche)
- Engines shutting off during UFO incidents | phenomenon
- Lights going out during UFO incidents | phenomenon
- Advances in space conquest and nuclear technology | human development
- Projects studied in U.S. for modifying asteroid orbits using H bombs | human activity
- Asteroids being brought closer to earth's orbit for mining purposes | human projects
- Advances in space and nuclear technology could be troubling extraterrestrials | author
- Logical to think extraterrestrial civilizations have stations/colonies in asteroid belt | author
- Relay stations on moon plausible | author
- U.S. asteroid modification projects using H bombs could be disturbing extraterrestrials | author
- Extraterrestrials do not appear to be meddling in human affairs currently | author
- Advisable to ask what extraterrestrials actually seeking | author
- Cannot tell what future holds regarding extraterrestrial intervention | author
- Cannot consider extraterrestrials will continue not to intervene | author
- Extraterrestrial undertakings may not be innocent in long term | author
- Extraterrestrials may not need human sensibilities or state politics | author
- Repercussions of UFO manifestations varied in scope | author
- States can be classified into four categories by knowledge/response level | author
- Individuals claim extraterrestrial contact for study/relations purposes | author
- Direct continuous contacts at highest state level conceivable | author
- U.S. position has been among strangest since June 1947 wave and Roswell | author
- If Americans could collect debris/wreckage/cadavers, certain contact established | author
- First statements/reactions often more probative than subsequent affirmations | author
- General Twining's secret report on "flying disks" emergence proves objects truly exist | author
- U.S. followed policy of increasing secrecy on UFOs since then | author
- UFO materials classified above "top secret" level | author
- Chapter 2.3 | (Luxeuil and Tehran intimidation maneuvers)
- Chapter 2.5 | (San Carlos de Bariloche paralysis incident)
- Appendix 5 | (Roswell affair details)
- Section 10.3 | (Repercussions of UFO Manifestations)
- Section 10.4 | (Have Contacts Possibly Been Made)
- Condon report | (revealed Twining secret report)
- "flying disks" | General Twining's report topic
- "top secret" | classification level reference
- "Do they want to invade earth? To preserve it from nuclear self-destruction? To learn about and preserve the patrimony that our civilizations have created over the span of centuries?" | author's speculative questions on extraterrestrial intentions
Page 53
View PDF ↗- 1953 | Year U.S. equipped itself with repressive UFO arsenal
- (current to document date) | AFR and JANAP regulations still in force
- United States government | policy maker on UFO secrecy
- USSR (Soviet Union) | historical concern for U.S. security
- Condon report | source of strange conclusions on UFO secrecy
- NATO | alliance for military cooperation
- France | country proposing UFO research structure expansion
- SEPRA | French UFO research organization to be expanded
- France | location for proposed UFO research structure expansion
- NATO | military alliance context for information sharing concerns
- U.S. wants to maintain military technological superiority and preferential contact | author
- Secrecy/disinformation policy may be due to avoiding public panic | author
- Secrecy may be for Cold War protection against USSR | author
- Secrecy may be for political/voter confidence reasons | author
- Would undermine armed forces prestige to admit air space violations | author
- Fear of attacks on military budgets by political opponents | author
- Fear of government agencies accused of lying | author
- Since 1953, U.S. equipped with impressive repressive arsenal | author
- AFR 200-2 and JANAP 146 regulations still in force | author
- AFR 200-2 prohibits public disclosure of unidentified object sightings | author
- JANAP 146 makes unauthorized UFO witness disclosure punishable offense | author
- JANAP 146 punishment: 10 years prison and $10,000 fine | author
- JANAP applies to military, airline pilots, merchant marine captains | author
- UFO phenomenon requires critical vigilance whether extraterrestrial or not | author
- Phenomenon involves risks of destabilizing manipulations | author
- Media, psychological, cultural, religious risks identified | author
- Panic fear, world wars, sect/lobby psychoses risk | author
- Cosmic fear and cosmos discovery/conquest justify cosmic vigilance | author
- Political, scientific, intellectual elite should prevent shocking surprise | author
- Measures must be contemplated on national and international levels | author
- U.S. secrecy posture incompatible with harmonious alliance relations | author
- Trust-based NATO relations compromised by information withholding | author
- Technological information not shared undermines alliance | author
- France should expand SEPRA to affirm presence in UFO domain | author
- General Barry Goldwater | reference on classified UFO files
- Condon report | strange conclusions cited
- AFR (Air Force Regulation) 200-2 | U.S. military regulation on UFO disclosure
- JANAP (Joint Army Navy Air Force Publication) 146 | U.S. military regulation on UFO witness disclosure
- Section 10.5 | (What Measures Must We Take)
- Section 10.5.1 | (National Structures)
- SEPRA | French UFO research organization
- NATO | military alliance context
- "top secret" files declassification discussion
- "constant disinformation" | U.S. policy characteristic
- "military technological superiority" | U.S. motivation
- "preferential contact" | possible U.S. goal
- "cosmic vigilance" | recommended vigilance type
- "cosmic fear" | risk category
Page 54
View PDF ↗- SEPRA | French UFO research organization to be expanded
- European States | proposed participants in UFO research
- European Union Commission | proposed creator of UFO coordinating body
- United States | target of diplomatic pressure for UFO disclosure
- France | proposed nation to initiate European Commission proposal
- NATO | implied alliance context
- European countries | interested parties in regional cooperation
- Armed forces/intelligence services | existing UFO collection bodies in multiple countries
- Europe | region for UFO information collection
- France | location for potential microbase/base discovery and research expansion
- European Union | proposed jurisdiction for coordinating body
- Strategic locations | potential targets of extraterrestrial attacks
- SEPRA should increase human and material resources | author
- SEPRA should expand investigation and analysis capabilities | author
- SEPRA should boost representation and foreign relations status | author
- High-level state unit should formulate prospective hypotheses | author
- State unit should promote scientific and technical research with minimum budget | author
- State unit should propose military strategy elements | author
- State unit should participate in regional cooperation agreements | author
- Many countries already have small UFO collection bodies | author
- European States/Commission should conduct all research types | author
- Diplomatic approaches with U.S. should clarify UFO issue | author
- Issue must fall within political/strategic alliance scope | author
- France should propose special expanded European coordinating body | author
- Body should be provided with necessary human/material resources | author
- Not being blind, dumb, paralyzed recommended as outcome | author
- States with sophisticated research/analysis tools may be chosen as preferred contacts | author
- Question remains: at what risks and advantages? | author
- Invasion hardly likely given pre-atomic capacity | author
- Must prepare for UFO appearance and peaceful contact scenario | author
- Must prepare for microbase/base discovery scenario | author
- Must prepare for invasion/targeted/massive attacks scenario | author
- Must prepare for deliberate manipulation/disinformation scenario | author
- Intellectually not possible to remain indifferent to unexplained phenomenon | author
- Section 10.5.1 | (National Structures)
- Section 10.5.2 | (European Structures)
- Section 10.6 | (What Situations Must We Prepare For)
- Chapter 11 | (Aeronautical Implications)
- Section 11.1 | (Why Aeronautical Implications)
- SEPRA | French UFO research organization
- European Union Commission | proposed structure creator
- "so as to no longer be blind, dumb, and paralyzed" | desired outcome for European coordination
- "What strategies could we map out in the following situations" | key question for preparation
- "at what risks and advantages?" | critical question regarding preferred contact status
Page 55
View PDF ↗- 1940s (beginning of) | Date of first aviator sightings
- 1951 | Reference date for French UFO sightings count
- 1994-01-28 | Cinq-Mars-la-Pile Control and Detection Center UFO track recording
- Colonel Giraud | military pilot | observed UFO in Mirage IV
- (unnamed) student pilot | Tours location | apparently aggressive conduct incident
- (unnamed) civilian/military pilots | numerous confirmed aeronautical cases
- (unnamed) flight crews | involved in UAP D sightings
- (unnamed) air traffic controllers | involved in UFO observations
- (unnamed) ground personnel | involved in UFO observations
- Air Force | French military | responsibility for air space UFO phenomena
- Cinq-Mars-la-Pile Control and Detection Center (CDC) | French air traffic control facility
- Commercial airline operations | involved in UFO encounter potential
- Air space (general) | location of UFO manifestations
- San Carlos de Bariloche | location of ground/onboard equipment interference
- Tehran | location of onboard equipment interference and aggressive conduct
- RB-47 location | (aircraft type with shadowing incident)
- Tours | location of student pilot encounter
- Mirage IV | aircraft type in Colonel Giraud incident
- Cinq-Mars-la-Pile | air traffic control center location
- France | national context for UFO sightings count
- Simple sighting of phenomenon by crew, passengers, or ground personnel | UFO implication type
- Detection of track on radar screen (one out of five aeronautical cases) | UFO implication type
- Recording of track as on January 28, 1994 at Cinq-Mars-la-Pile CDC | UFO implication type
- Interferences with ground (San Carlos de Bariloche) or onboard (Tehran) equipment | UFO implication type
- Shadowing of aircraft (San Carlos de Bariloche, RB-47) | UFO implication type
- Apparently aggressive conduct (Colonel Giraud in Mirage IV, student pilot at Tours, Tehran incident) | UFO implication type
- Over 500 unexplained sightings (UAP Ds) reported by pilots/controllers | total aeronautical cases
- Three or four French UFO sightings since 1951 | national count
- Regular crossing of air space by moving objects | UFO behavior pattern
- Objects behavior suggesting intelligent piloting | assessment
- Several hundred confirmed aeronautical cases exist | author
- Five primary implication types identified | author
- Number of testimonies and witness quality such that phenomenon cannot be dodged | author
- Aeronautical and defense personnel must be sensitized and prepared | author
- Cannot ignore phenomenon of regular air space crossing by intelligently-piloted objects | author
- Cannot claim phenomenon falls outside purview despite exceeding technical knowledge | author
- Inaction would call defense and air intelligence principles into question | author
- First sightings by aviators date to beginning of 1940s | author
- Over 500 unexplained sightings reported since then | author
- France has 3-4 sightings since 1951 | author
- Air Force responsibility for air space phenomena | author
- Flight crew naturally involved, particularly pilots | author
- Civilian/military pilots in advantageous position for sightings | author
- First affected in event of incident (collision risk) | author
- Combat pilot trained to monitor sky constantly | author
- Combat pilot has advanced weapons systems for detection | author
- Pilot/weapons system pair excellent sighting instrument | author
- First means of intervention if necessary | author
- Commercial airline pilots have different concerns | author
- Lack same equipment as military pilots | author
- Passenger safety is priority | author
- Remains primary information partner but powerless against aggressive UFO | author
- Radar controller is involved | author
- Civilian vs military controller have different equipment options | author
- Radio contact with pilot means controller first receives sighting report | author
- Chapter 1 | (Cinq-Mars-la-Pile Control and Detection Center incident)
- Chapter 2 | (implied for San Carlos de Bariloche and Tehran cases)
- Section 11.2 | (Who is Involved)
- Section 11.2.1 | (Flight Crew)
- Section 11.2.2 | (Air Traffic Controllers)
- UAP Ds (category D unidentified aerospace phenomena) | established classification
- "How can one try to ignore a phenomenon that is manifested by the regular crossing of our air space by moving objects the behavior of which suggests that they are piloted by an intelligent [being]?" | rhetorical question on UFO significance
- "If we do nothing, the very principle of defense and air intelligence would be called into question." | author on consequences of inaction
- "As a reminder, in France, this figure is three or four since 1951" | national UFO sighting count
Page 56
View PDF ↗- Military air defense | operates primary detection radars
- Meteorology departments (military/civilian) | involved in phenomenon explanation
- CNES (Centre National d'Études Spatiales) | French space organization
- Ecole de l'Air | French Air Force Academy
- Ecole Nationale de l'Aviation Civile (ENAC) | French National Civil Aviation School
- Sup'Aero | French aeronautics school
- College Interarmees de Defense (CID) | French Interarmy Defense College
- IHEDN | French defense education institution
- SEPRA | French UFO research organization (already conducting conferences)
- France | national context for personnel training
- ENAC | location of current SEPRA civilian air traffic controller conferences
- Aeronautics schools | venues for informational conferences
- Military air defense radars permit visual display of primary detection | technical capability
- Synthetic display used by civilian controllers can appear on military controller's scope | technical capability
- Military controllers able to obtain image of craft moving at supposed UFO speeds | technical capability
- Control and Detection Centers (CDC) can record and reconstruct radar situations on site | technical capability
- Controller must be prepared to note and supplement transmitted sightings | requirement
- Distance of controller position gives clearheadedness | advantage
- Only military controller has adequate radar equipment for non-standard aircraft detection | assessment
- Military controller only able to obtain UFO-speed craft images | unique capability
- CDC means enable supplemental investigations if necessary | capability
- Unusual phenomena often explained by meteorological phenomena | assessment
- Specialized meteorology departments need to be informed of observation importance | requirement
- All military/civilian meteorology personnel must meet expectation | requirement
- CNES engineers cannot remain indifferent to UFO phenomena | assessment
- CNES engineers right people to head extraterrestrial phenomena study | assessment
- Aeronautics sector engineers naturally involved in UFO investigations | assessment
- Personnel must be interested in UFO phenomenon | requirement
- Fear of ridicule must be overcome | psychological barrier
- Strong presumptions based on aeronautics world testimonies should convince personnel | evidence base
- All generations must be reached with information | requirement
- Informational conferences easily scheduled at aeronautics schools | feasibility
- Young generation conferences at Ecole de l'Air, ENAC, Sup'Aero | venues
- Older generation conferences in continuing education courses | venues
- CID and IHEDN appropriate for military/defense personnel | venues
- SEPRA already conducting ENAC conferences on civilian air traffic | current activity
- Appendix 1 | (radar display details)
- Section 11.2.3 | (Meteorologists)
- Section 11.2.4 | (CNES Engineers)
- Section 11.2.5 | (Engineers in the Aeronautics Sector)
- Section 11.3 | (How Do We Involve Aeronautics Personnel)
- Section 11.3.1 | (Informing Personnel)
- CNES | described work referenced above
- Next chapter | scientific and technical implications
- "clearheadedness that the distance of his position gives him" | controller advantage
- "the right people to head up the study of extraterrestrial phenomena" | CNES role assessment
- "overcome the fear of ridicule" | psychological requirement
- "failing certainty, there are strong presumptions based on a list of examples selected from among the testimonies from the aeronautics world" | evidence criterion
Page 57
View PDF ↗- (current to document date) | Information update timeline
- (current to document date) | Air France systematic information sheet periodically updated
- Flight crew training schools | venues for UFO information extension
- Control and Detection Centers | venue for military personnel conferences
- Flight units | venue for military personnel conferences
- Regional Air Navigation Centers (CRNA) | venue for civilian air traffic controller conferences
- Air France | airline company with systematic information sheet for crews
- Commercial airlines | information sheet providers
- SEPRA practice at ENAC should be extended to all flight crew training schools | author
- Training should be regardless of specialty being taught | requirement
- Conferences easily offered at Control and Detection Centers for military personnel | feasibility
- Conferences easily offered at flight units for military personnel | feasibility
- Conferences can be offered at CRNA for civilian controllers | feasibility
- Air France has systematic information sheet for crews | current practice
- Information sheet periodically updated | current practice
- Information must be regularly updated | requirement
- Objective is to permit future witness to know course of action | goal
- Personnel need to know how to react in real time | requirement
- Personnel need to know what to communicate and to whom | requirement
- Personnel need to know measures for present situation | requirement
- Reflex responses necessary for unprepared situations | requirement
- Personnel may be simple observers or may need to take concrete measures | roles
- Better to be prepared for unforeseen, poorly understood events | assessment
- Reflex responses differ by type: sighting, testimony recording, information transmission, real-time reaction | categories
- Course of action: observe, note details, photograph, report, allow visitor initiative, avoid media publicity | protocol
- Must guard against instinctive self-defense reaction misinterpreted as provocation | caution
- Must just observe and avoid seeking contact | requirement
- Report phenomenon to alert other crews (currently done) | requirement
- Report to authorities through appropriate chain of command | requirement
- Civilian cases use air traffic control chain of command | procedure
- Military cases use air defense chain of command | procedure
- Witness must adopt certain discretion level vis-a-vis public | requirement
- Section 11.3.2 | (Reflex Responses)
- Section 11.3.3 | (Course of Action to Take)
- Section 11.3.3.1 | (Objective Observation)
- Section 11.3.3.2 | (Reporting)
- Section 11.3.3.3 | (Remaining Discrete Vis-a-Vis the Public)
- San Carlos de Bariloche incident | (Chapter reference implied)
- Air France | current practice reference
- "ad hoc" | measures in response to phenomenon
- "avoid any initiative aimed at seeking contact" | observation principle
- "alert the other crews" | reporting purpose
- "avoid premature publicity in the media" | discretion requirement
- "allowing the visitors the initiative of possibly making contact" | protocol principle
Page 58
View PDF ↗- GEPAN | predecessor to SEPRA (data collection/analysis/classification)
- SEPRA | current organization for data collection/analysis/classification
- DGA (Direction Générale de l'Armement) | French military technology research
- NASA | U.S. space agency conducting interstellar travel studies
- Pentagon | U.S. military conducting interstellar travel studies
- ESO (European Southern Observatory) | operates Very Large Telescope in Chile
- International research institutions | origin of life research conductors
- Press/media | target of witness discretion
- Chile | location of VLT (Very Large Telescope)
- United States | location of interstellar travel research contracts
- Extrasolar planets | detection research targets
- Space | colonization visualization location
- Essential to allow scientists time before media triggers public curiosity | author
- Media triggering public curiosity could result in disappearance of important evidence | author
- UFO phenomenon significance to defense in broad sense | author
- Should continue and expand geographical collection/analysis/classification by SEPRA | author
- Passive or preferably active techno-watch required in leading-edge propulsion fields | author
- Magnetohydrodynamics essential to monitor internationally | author
- Must know what other nations doing in high-tech fields | author
- Testimonies combined with scientific experiments enable progress | author
- Particle beams and microwaves subjects more advanced than DGA/public research | author
- Will not be dealt with unless highest State level decision made | author
- Work will enable progress in partial phenomenon models | author
- Considerable spill-over for defense and industry expected | author
- Global interpretation requires other research | author
- Extrasolar planet detection research meets favorable media response | author
- Origin of life research conducted internationally at satisfying rate | author
- Forms basis of exobiology (extraterrestrial life science) | author
- Evolution studies handicapped by school disputes | author
- Important question: How might life evolve elsewhere? | author
- Genesis and future of civilizations studies underdeveloped but important | author
- Extended by long-term, forward-looking scenarios | author
- Interstellar travel must be object of at least passive monitoring | author
- Currently dealt with in United States | author
- Numerous NASA/Pentagon study contracts concern interstellar travel | author
- Chapters 5 and 6 | (GEPAN and SEPRA descriptions)
- Chapter 8 | (studies on UFO propulsion and technology)
- Chapter 12 | (Scientific and Technical Implications)
- Section 12.1 | (Stepping Up Collection and Analysis)
- Section 12.2 | (Establishing a Watch and Initiate Work Upstream)
- Section 12.3 | (Encouraging Thought in Global Context)
- Appendix 3 | (exobiology and origin of life research)
- Appendix 4 | ("Colonization of Space" scenario)
- VLT (Very Large Telescope) | ESO facility in Chile
- ESO (European Southern Observatory) | research organization
- DGA (Direction Générale de l'Armement) | French military research
- "It is essential to allow scientists [time] to make use of the information before letting the media trigger the curiosity of the general public" | discretion principle
- "could result in the disappearance of important evidence" | media impact consequence
- "at least a passive, and preferably an active, techno-watch is required" | monitoring recommendation
- "Colonization of Space" | Appendix 4 title
Page 59
View PDF ↗- 1983 | Year IRAS satellite photos examined by Papagiannis
- (few years before document) | Papagiannis NASA study contract period
- NASA | space agency with propulsion and asteroid belt study contracts
- Pentagon | military with interstellar travel research contracts
- IRAS (Infrared Astronomical Satellite) | satellite program providing asteroid belt photos
- Foreign governments | attempts at disinformation referenced
- Solar space | antimatter propulsion research location
- Interstellar space | antimatter propulsion research location
- United States | location of interstellar travel research
- Asteroid belt | location between Mars and Jupiter for space cities detection
- Mars | planetary reference point
- Jupiter | planetary reference point
- Earth | location of exploration origin
- Solar system | limit to exceed
- Galaxy | limit to exceed
- Celestial bodies | potential discovery locations
- Space | colonization scenario location
- Abnormal infrared emissions from asteroid belt objects | Papagiannis study observations
- IRAS satellite photos from 1983 | data source
- Antimatter propulsion research conducted in United States | author
- Papagiannis won NASA study contract for space cities detection | author
- NASA did not renew Papagiannis' contract | author
- Contract apparently did not yield results | author
- Stability of earmarked societies requires study for interstellar voyages | author
- Minimum size of such societies important question | author
- Foreign government disinformation attempts should be analyzed discretely and in depth | author
- Foreign governments wish to appropriate futuristic military technologies | author
- Should anticipate measures/decisions for outside civilization contact events | author
- Formal confirmation impact assessment challenging but less arduous from extraterrestrial perspective | author
- Technical and human difficulties to be resolved to exceed solar system/galaxy limits | author
- Secular "ship-world" voyages possible with reproducing generations | author
- Onboard government would have de facto political autonomy/freedom from earth orders | author
- Several-month/several-year voyages possible with revolutionary scientific concepts | author
- Aircraft/probes piloted by classic crews or bionic androids conceivable | author
- Piloted craft would follow instructions from parent station/earth | author
- Discovered beings could be humans, humanoid, or stranger creatures | author
- Discovered civilizations could be comparable, more advanced, or rudimentary | author
- Beings could remain at elementary survival stage | author
- Chapter 13 | (Political and Religious Implications)
- Section 12.4 | (Special Studies)
- Appendices 5 and 7 | (disinformation references)
- Appendix 4 | ("Colonization of Space")
- IRAS | Infrared Astronomical Satellite program
- References pp. 87-89 | (Chapter 13 reference numbers)
- "propulsion using antimatter in solar or interstellar space" | research topic
- "possible space cities in the asteroid belt" | Papagiannis research goal
- "de facto" | political autonomy conferring effect
- "ship-worlds" | secular long-voyage vessel type
- "bionic androids" | alternative crew type
- "(Nota Bene: in this chapter, the numbers in parentheses refer to the references, pp. 87 to 89)" | reference note
Page 60
View PDF ↗- 1561 | Nuremberg sphere sighting
- 1566 | Basel sphere sighting
- (variable) | Possible observation phase duration: 1 year to 1000 years
- (unnamed) earthling explorers | hypothetical extraterrestrial agents
- (unnamed) indigenous populations | targets of observation/sampling
- (unnamed) local populations | preindustrial civilizations
- (unnamed) astronauts | visible to preindustrial populations
- Earth | origin point for explorers
- Various worlds | observation/conquest targets
- Yugoslavian monastery at Detchani | historical fresco location
- Nuremberg | 1561 sphere sighting location
- Basel | 1566 sphere sighting location
- Terrestrial and celestial cities | organizational reference
- Electronic surveillance, remote sensing, recording activities | observation phase methods
- Decrypting of languages, analyses, evaluations | observation phase methods
- Ships or remote-controlled craft passages/landings | preindustrial observation
- Passage and/or landing of astronauts | visible manifestation
- Reasonable to think explorers have peaceful observation/conquest mission | author
- State of advancement dictates observation manner, nature, duration | assessment
- Initial observations for analyzing living organisms, thinking, living manners, languages | purpose
- Initial observations for analyzing religions, beliefs, arts, sciences, techniques, weapons | purpose
- Initial observations for analyzing political institutions, social organizations, histories | purpose
- Initial observations for analyzing environments, animals, plants, minerals | purpose
- First phase excludes physical/material contact | characteristic
- Would be scientific, in vivo laboratory observation | phase type
- Period could last 1 year, 10 years, century, or thousand years | duration range
- What better scientific experiment than observing civilized/stagnant/evolving populations | assessment
- Populations at peace or war, organized differently, with foreign languages | observation value
- Would be observing ourselves | philosophical assessment
- Second phase interpretation requires sampling/analyses | requirement
- Sampling of mineral, plant, animal, and evolved being elements | phase activities
- Question of appropriate contact types raised | consideration
- Political, psychological, religious implications for local populations varied | impact types
- Furtive and covert mode could not go completely unnoticed | assessment
- Psychological/religious impacts vary by political organization type | assessment
- Impacts vary by moral and scientific development levels | assessment
- Preindustrial populations might view ships/craft as natural/divine/extraordinary/supernatural/aberrant/diabolical | potential interpretations
- Historical frescoes/sphere sightings suggest past manifestations | historical references
- Collective memories and imagination could be marked by manifestations | effect
- Particularly marked if accompanied by astronaut sightings | enhancement factor
- Section 13.1 | (Phase One: Observation From a Distance)
- Section 13.2 | (Phase Two: In situ Sampling and Furtive Appearances)
- Section 13.2.1 | (Impacts on Preindustrial-Age Civilizations)
- Section 13.4 | (implied descendants establishment reference)
- Appendix 6 | (frescoes and historical sphere sightings)
- Yugoslavian monastery at Detchani | historical reference
- Nuremberg and Basel sphere sightings 1561/1566 | historical reference
- "in vivo" | laboratory observation type (Latin)
- "lato sensu" | scientific experiment broader meaning (Latin)
- "in situ" | on-site/in place sampling (Latin)
- "In a word, we would be in the situation of observing ourselves!" | philosophical conclusion
- "Remote Sensing and Observation ?" | Phase One title question
Page 61
View PDF ↗- (ancient) | Ezekiel's flying machine descriptions
- (ancient) | Ramayana air war period
- (ancient) | Epic of Gilgamesh period
- (ancient) | Genesis Elohim and Watchmen period
- (ancient) | Enoch references period
- (ancient) | Oriental and Chinese Immortals/Kings period
- (ancient) | Japanese "Land of Gods" period
- (ancient) | South American Viracocha/Inca period
- (ancient) | Ancient Egyptian gods/Titans/Giants period
- (historical) | Bonaparte's Egypt expedition (no date given)
- (modern) | Moon landing disbelief period
- Ezekiel | biblical figure describing flying machines
- Enoch | biblical figure discussing Watchmen/giants
- (unnamed) local authorities | certifying extraordinary manifestations
- (unnamed) monarchs/chiefs of state | potential god-king claimers
- (unnamed) preindustrial populations | observers of manifestations
- (unnamed) ancient peoples | inhabitants of referenced mythological periods
- Bonaparte | military/scientific expeditionist
- (unnamed) moon landing skeptics | modern disbelievers
- Ancient religions | Egypt, Orient, China, Japan, South America
- Terrestrial and celestial orders | interlinked belief systems
- New Hebrides cult | cargo plane cult reference
- Preindustrial civilizations | contact targets
- Egypt | Bonaparte expedition location
- Mecca | pilgrimage location (interruption reference)
- New Hebrides | cargo cult location
- The Moon | walking location (modern disbelief reference)
- Ancient Orient and China | Immortals/Kings location
- Japan | "Land of Gods" location
- South America | Viracocha/Inca location
- Ancient Egypt | gods/Titans/Giants location
- Western and oriental Antiquity | Heros location
- Spaceships or remote-controlled craft appearances | manifestation types
- Astronauts or bionic robots appearances | visible forms
- Coveralls/space suits or robots/androids/artifacts | appearance variations
- Local authorities noting and certifying manifestations | observation/verification
- Such appearances would have creative impact | effect assessment
- Would modify indigenous political and religious conceptions | impact type
- Terrestrial and celestial orders closely interlinked in minds | cultural belief
- Appearances capable of creating lasting impression | psychological effect
- Could reorient religions, inspire new ones, originate founding myths | religious impact
- Ancient flying machines (Ezekiel), air wars, mythology references suggest history | assessment
- Would religions founded on God be shattered? Nothing less certain | assessment
- Once shock/terror/curiosity pass, new cosmic order appreciation could replace old conceptions | potential outcome
- Religious conceptions could be reoriented or sublimated | outcome possibility
- God does not travel in spaceship | theological assessment
- Great religions don't condemn other inhabited worlds | theological acceptance
- Collective memories experience aberrations despite tangible proof (cargo cult) | historical precedent
- Bonaparte's Egypt expedition left no trace in local annals | historical example
- Only pilgrimage interruption recorded | local perception
- Many didn't believe men walked on moon, called it publicity stunt/disinformation | modern skepticism
- Should avoid overestimating impact | caution
- Ancient civilizations conceived of pantheons | historical pattern
- Gods associated with terrifying sea/wind/volcano/earthquake/lightning manifestations | mythological pattern
- Difficult to say avatars of extraterrestrial or simple mythology invention | assessment uncertainty
- Political impacts should be much more ephemeral | assessment
- Political organization unlikely affected in lasting manner | assessment
- Contingencies quickly regain upper hand | assessment
- Monarch/chief could proclaim exclusive interpreter of manifestations | temptation assessment
- Could tempt self-consecration as god-king or king-god | political temptation
- Section 13.2.1.1 | (Impacts on Local Religions)
- Section 13.2.1.2 | (Political Impacts)
- Reference (1) | Ezekiel flying machines
- Reference (2) | Ramayana and Epic of Gilgamesh
- Reference (3) | Genesis Elohim
- Reference (4) | Enoch Watchmen/giants
- Reference (5) | Oriental/Chinese Immortals and Kings
- Reference (6) | Japan "Land of Gods"
- Reference (7) | Ancient Egypt, Titans, Giants, Heros
- Reference (8) | New Hebrides cargo plane cult
- Reference (9) | Bonaparte Egypt expedition/Mecca pilgrimage
- Ancient religious mythologies | referenced throughout
- "creative impact capable of modifying the indigenous political and religious conceptions" | impact assessment
- "reorienting religions, inspiring new ones, or originating founding myths" | religious outcome possibilities
- "God does not travel around in a spaceship" | theological assessment
- "cargo plane in New Hebrides" | cargo cult reference
- "a publicity stunt or disinformation" | moon landing skepticism
- "god-king or a king-god" | political temptation outcome
Page 62
View PDF ↗- 1531 | Oronce Finé's Antarctic map drawing
- 1820 | Discovery of Antarctica (approximately 3 centuries after Finé's map)
- Pharaohs | god-kings of ancient Egypt
- Assyrian kings | god-kings of ancient Assyria
- Hellenic epiphanic kings | god-kings of Hellas
- Roman emperors | god-kings of Rome
- Chinese emperors | god-kings of China
- Japanese emperors | god-kings of Japan
- Sons of the Sun | god-kings of Central/South America
- Oronce Finé | Frenchman who drew Antarctic map in 1531
- Industrial-age civilizations | modern skeptical populations
- Preindustrial-age civilizations | target populations for influence
- Old Testament | sacred text referenced for parallels
- Koran | sacred text referenced for parallels
- Eyes of subjects | perspective reference for god-king status
- Indus civilization | great ancient civilization
- Mesopotamia | great ancient civilization
- Egypt | great ancient civilization
- Central America | Sons of the Sun location
- South America | Sons of the Sun location
- Antarctica | continent referenced for Finé's map
- God-kings/king-gods in history | pharaohs, Assyrian, Hellenic, Roman, Chinese, Japanese, Central/South American
- Antarctic map almost free of ice drawn by Finé in 1531 | cartographic observation
- History abounds in god-kings or king-gods | historical assessment
- Cannot distinguish natural power legitimacy search from opportunity seizure | assessment
- Industrial-age civilizations more skeptical than formerly | assessment
- More difficulty envisioning non-immediately explainable or non-measurable | assessment
- Furnishing irrefutable proof of extraterrestrials would leave profound mark | assessment
- Issue at heart of report | significance assessment
- Third phase would be influences exerted on environment/civilizations | phase definition
- Would cause encountered civilizations to evolve in "our fashion" | objective
- Advantages and risks would require careful study | requirement
- Necessary to influence environment specifically in certain cases | assessment
- Evolution of local civilizations could be subtly modified | possibility
- Natural environment/ecosystem modification by seeding/introducing plants/organisms | method
- Indigenous civilization course could be gradually modified | possibility
- Could influence from distance or directly select individuals' qualities/defects | method
- Could accentuate intellectual/moral tendencies and scientific knowledge | possibility
- Could cause genetic mutations by processes yet to be invented | possibility
- Would play role populations reserved for gods | role assessment
- Sacred texts could reorient morals, religiosity, laws, political institutions | influence method
- Elements to terrify and impress could be appropriate in some cases | tactical assessment
- Old Testament episodes offer parallel examples | historical reference
- Laws of Manu institution conditions offer parallels | historical reference
- Koran giving offers parallels | historical reference
- Influences relate to history enigmas: Indus, Mesopotamia, Egypt concomitant appearance | historical implication
- Great civilizations showed concurrent development of cities, architecture, writing, calendar, astronomy | observation
- Oronce Finé's Antarctic map drawn almost free of ice in 1531 | cartographic anomaly
- Nearly three centuries prior to Antarctic discovery in 1820 | temporal anomaly
- Section 13.2.2 | (Impacts on Industrial-Age Civilizations)
- Section 13.3 | (Phase Three: Influences on Local Civilizations)
- Section 13.3.1 | (Influences on Preindustrial-Age Civilizations)
- Section 13.3.2 | (Influences on Industrial-Age Civilizations)
- Reference (10) | Laws of Manu conditions
- Reference (11) | Oronce Finé Antarctic map
- Old Testament | sacred text
- Koran | sacred text
- Ancient Indus, Mesopotamia, Egypt | civilizations referenced
- "playing the role that these populations would have willingly reserved for gods" | extraterrestrial role metaphor
- "With all due reverence" | respectful tone marker
- "sacred texts, would reorient, for example, their sense of morals, their religiosity, and perhaps their laws and their political institutions" | influence method
- "This issue is at the heart of our report." | significance statement
Page 63
View PDF ↗- (historical) | Spanish arrival in Central America period
- (historical) | European discovery and globe exploration period
- (contemporary to document) | Roswell case reference
- Spaniards | historical contact agents in Central America
- Europeans | historical explorers and colonizers
- (unnamed) extraterrestrial crews | hypothetical contact agents
- (unnamed) bionic robots | alternative contact agents
- (unnamed) indigenous populations | targets of contact
- U.S. government | holder of Roswell materials
- Science-fiction industry | producers of psychological preparation content
- European colonial powers | historical contact parallels
- Central America | historical Spanish contact location
- Globe | European exploration/discovery area
- Roswell | UFO incident location
- Discovered worlds | hypothetical contact locations
- Spaniards in armor on horseback | historical contact description
- White men with blond or red hair | physical appearance noted
- Horses, armor, appearance combinations | observation elements
- Influences vary by civilization type, technological development, psychological acclimatization | assessment
- Advisable to accustom minds to probable extraterrestrial existence beforehand | recommendation
- Science-fiction, films, cartoons, games, advertisements prepare psychological climate | method
- Suitable sects could aid acclimatization | possibility
- New technological knowledge could be provided | possibility
- Chance or provoked spacecraft accidents could provide technological transfer | method
- Roswell case comes to mind for technological transfer precedent | example
- U.S. government should show and analyze recovered elements | necessity claim
- Fourth phase would establish direct contact with locals/entire populations | phase definition
- Goals must be precisely determined | requirement
- Benefit and utility must be weighed with risks | assessment requirement
- Stringent program could plan contacts | possibility
- Technical accident could start unofficial contact/settlement/colonization | risk scenario
- Information-disinformation campaign possible | possibility
- Crew sedition possible: disembarking or unauthorized settlement | risk scenario
- Crews might mix with indigenous populations against orders | risk scenario
- Should assume discovered worlds populated with humans/hominids | assumption
- Complexion identical or close to ours assumed | assumption
- Whether to prohibit mixes as prophylaxis questioned | ethical question
- Direct contact would lead indigenous populations to believe not so different | assessment
- Remote-controlled androids should advance assess reactions | recommendation
- Furtive episodic appearances could acclimate populations | method
- Direct contact with preindustrial populations would cause god-image imagination | assessment
- Spaniards arrival with armor and horseback provides historical parallel | historical reference
- Europeans in discovery/exploration period provides parallel | historical reference
- Impact on populations unfamiliar with horses, armor, blond/red hair felt strongly | assessment
- Shock of apparitions would lessen with multiplication of relations | assessment
- Shock would lessen if crews took eminent place in local political/military orders | assessment
- Relates to discovery epics, European colonization, end of western empires | historical connection
- Section 13.3.2 | (Influences on Industrial-Age Civilizations)
- Section 13.4 | (Phase Four: Direct Contacts)
- Section 13.4.1 | (Direct Contacts with Preindustrial-Age Civilizations)
- Reference (12) | Major ban on crew/indigenous mixes
- Roswell case | technological transfer historical reference
- Spanish Central American conquest | historical contact parallel
- European discovery and exploration era | historical contact parallel
- Western empire colonization and end | historical reference
- "in fine" | ultimately/finally (French phrase)
- "science-fiction novels, films, cartoon strips, video games, advertisements, a favorable psychological climate, [and] why not suitable sects?" | acclimatization methods
- "without beating around he bush" | directness requirement (minor grammar issue in original)
- "going against orders received, whatever happens not to intervene or interfere in local affairs" | crew sedition scenario
- "should mixes be prohibited, as prophylaxis, by imposing a major ban on them (12) or, on the contrary, should they be tolerated and even encouraged?" | ethical question on contact outcomes
Page 64
View PDF ↗- (future hypothetical) | Day when civilizations brought to extraterrestrial level
- (future hypothetical) | Economic/technological exchange establishment timeframe
- Selected individuals | direct contact recipients
- State leaders | highest-level contact targets
- Bionic robots | alternative contact agents resembling humans
- Idolaters | welcoming population segment
- Sycophants | welcoming population segment
- Herodians | welcoming population segment (millennialist conviction)
- Zealots | skeptical population segment
- Skeptics | doubting population segment
- Withdrawn populations | venerable secular conception holders
- States/rivals | political competition entities
- United Nations (UN) | organization referenced for disruption
- Defense movements | resistance movements envisioned
- Industrial-age civilizations | contact targets
- World political sphere | contact impact location
- International sphere | contact impact location
- Local affairs | context for arbitration requests
- Day would come when civilizations able to participate in "our" world | assessment
- With ground prepared, contacts could be discreet with selected individuals | strategy
- Contacts could be established with highest state level | possibility
- Could be kept secret | objective
- Leaks should not be ruled out | risk assessment
- Leaders would conduct information/disinformation/counterinformation campaigns | strategy requirement
- Selection of states/rulers/key figures paramount importance | assessment
- Bionic robots could look like humans or resemble living beings | possibility
- Public open presentation could be imagined | possibility
- Would cause huge sensation in psychological/political/military/strategic/religious spheres | impact assessment
- Would cause media sensation | impact assessment
- Would prompt UN interruption, meetings, colloquiums, consultations | institutional impact
- Would prompt creation of welcoming committees | institutional response
- Rivalry of states would be interesting to observe | assessment
- Intentions must be perceived as peaceful | requirement
- Would encounter idolaters, sycophants, Herodians as first allies | population categorization
- These would welcome as saviors | assessment
- Would want to solve problems, bring peace/prosperity with little effort | motivation assessment
- Zealots/skeptics would cast doubt or deny existence | resistance assessment
- Would perceive peaceful intentions as suspect | skeptical assessment
- Defense/resistance movements creation logical step | prediction
- Strength of movements dependent on extraterrestrial skill | assessment
- Road to hell paved with good intentions (proverb reference) | philosophical assessment
- Should admit observation length questioned | ethical question
- Would reproach for not intervening in world wars | potential complaint
- Would blame for changing civilization course | potential complaint
- Severe lasting psychological disturbances should be envisioned | prediction
- Would be disappointed learning extraterrestrials not immortal | assessment
- Economic/technological exchanges/financial ties should be established | strategy
- Wise policy to involve in local affairs questioned | ethical question
- Could not escape arbitration requests | prediction
- Would be in charge of unsolved problems | assessment
- Would reproach for very contributions | prediction
- Section 13.4.2 | (Direct Contacts with Industrial-Age Civilizations)
- Reference (13) | Good intentions/hell pavement proverb
- UN (United Nations) | organization referenced
- World unity concept | referenced for impact
- "world unity" | international response expectation
- "the road to hell is paved with good intentions" | proverb reference (13)
- "idolaters, sycophants, Herodians, who, out of a millenailist conviction, gullibility, pragmatism, or interest, would welcome us with enthusiasm as saviors" | welcoming population description
- "whose intentions would be perceived as all the more suspect since they would be peaceful" | skeptical assessment
- "our skill in squashing them, convincing them, in the hope of attaching them to us" | strategic objective
- "how then do we avoid the pitfall of good intentions and good sentiments that everyone knows the road to hell is paved with?" | ethical question
- "Would they be disappointed to learn that we are not immortal?" | mortal concern assessment
Page 65
View PDF ↗- Herodian allies | extraterrestrial political allies
- Explorers from other worlds | hypothetical encounter with other civilizations
- Scientists and sensible people | interested in unexplained phenomena
- Press/media | commentary on UFO subject
- Witnesses | sources of human testimony
- Local governments | potential welcoming or cautious entities
- Nuclear space weapons operators | potential hostile entities
- Asteroid belt bases | hypothetical extraterrestrial establishments
- Press/media organizations | disseminators of UFO information
- Space | encounter location with other explorers
- Asteroid belt | hypothetical base locations near other worlds
- Earth/our civilization | potential recipients of psychological effects
- Changes of opinion/attitude toward extraterrestrials could occur over time | prediction
- Groups would be tempted to consider themselves equals | assessment
- Protest movements would arise | consequence prediction
- Revolutionary cycles would be set in motion | consequence prediction
- Herodian allies would suffer | consequence assessment
- Global policy would be compromised | consequence assessment
- Would need to consider less frequent contacts | strategic consequence
- Might need to withdraw onto ships and retreat | consequence possibility
- Discovery of equally developed or far more advanced civilizations possible | assessment
- Possibility of encountering other explorers cannot be ruled out | assessment
- Might have been discovered in space first | possibility
- Would turn to experience psychological effects described | consequence assessment
- Local governments might welcome peacefully or keep at distance | behavior variation
- Fear of nuclear space weapons against extraterrestrial bases | risk assessment
- Full circle return to concerns and current questions | structural assessment
- Seems extravagant that scientists interested in inexplicable phenomena | meta-assessment
- Enough questions regarding tangible evidence to justify scientific interest | justification
- Separates researcher approach from media approach | methodological distinction
- Researcher curiosity vs press curiosity fundamental difference | assessment
- Fleeting events supported by flimsy human testimonies | credibility assessment
- Testimonies from people affected by unknown encounter | testimony quality assessment
- Press tendency to ridicule or make itself ridiculous | media tendency assessment
- Press makes itself look ridiculous through information extrapolation | media failure pattern
- Media aid often valuable | acknowledgment
- Section (incomplete on page)
- Chapter 14 | (Media Implications)
- Section 14.1 | (What Can Government Fear From Media Curiosity)
- Researcher curiosity vs media curiosity | methodological distinction
- Human testimonies | source of information
- Unknown encounters | witness experience type
- "catechumens" | neophytes/initiates (Christian term usage)
- "explorers from other more distant worlds" | hypothetical encounters
- "Having come full circle, we thus return to our concerns and our current questions" | structural reflection
- "it may seem extravagant that sensible people, scientists moreover, are interested in unexplained... phenomena at the risk of appearing ridiculous" | self-conscious assessment
- "What separates our approach from the media's approach" | methodological distinction introduction
- "information extrapolated from the elements described by the witnesses" | media excess pattern
- "Panic: the media broadcast terrifying information liable to sow panic among the" | government fear beginning
Page 66
View PDF ↗- 1938 | Orson Welles fictional radio program date
- 1947 | Roswell incident date (influenced by Welles precedent)
- 30 years | Duration media was muzzled on Roswell
- 1996-03 | "Arte" broadcast date
- Orson Welles | radio program creator
- Radio listeners | 1938 audience
- U.S. military personnel | Roswell incident responders
- Tabloid readers | audience for phony articles
- Old witnesses | Roswell revelation sources
- Journalists | targets of SEPRA training
- Producers | television/movie content creators
- Hypothetical inhabitants | observers of distant world probes
- Tabloids | media outlets
- Major newspapers | media outlets
- Television/movies | media outlets
- Channel + | French television station (Nuit des Extraterrestres program)
- "Arte" | French television station (serious broadcasts)
- Lobbies/pressure groups | manipulation sources
- SEPRA | organization to strengthen and train journalists
- Internet | proposed documentary site location
- United States (one region) | Welles broadcast impact location
- Space | future human expansion location
- Distant worlds | future probe orbits location
- France | Channel +/Arte broadcasting locations
- Orson Welles fictional program taken literally | audience misunderstanding
- Tremendous havoc in one region | consequence of panic
- Roswell disinformation campaign skillfully conducted | media manipulation
- 30-year media muzzling | campaign duration
- Considerable human chaos potential | panic consequence (suicides, fleeing, riots, vandalism)
- Welles precedent may have influenced Roswell military reaction | assessment
- Disinformation campaign skillfully conducted | assessment
- Panic would cause government shrinking back | assessment
- Peace alone wealth and stability factor for government | assessment
- Accurate information divulgence/repetition with irony deterrent | assessment
- Disinformation/confusion in public opinion about truth/falsity | condition assessment
- Ridicule difficult to overcome | assessment
- Media can be manipulated by lobbies/pressure groups | possibility
- Could become unwitting spokesmen of disinformation | consequence
- Tabloids will publish anything that sells | assessment
- Public curiosity great, demand generates phony articles | assessment
- Tabloids become relayer of incredible theories | assessment
- Thanks to tabloids, Roswell revelations became known | positive assessment
- Major newspapers use irony/aggressiveness for taboo subject | media strategy
- Press can spread news about extraordinary phenomena | capability
- San Carlos de Bariloche dozens of witnesses excellent case | assessment
- Press sometimes makes good UFO case presentations | possibility
- Television/movies subject in vogue for fictional treatment | assessment
- Nothing checks imagination of producers | assessment
- Channel + bizarre fashion doesn't prompt serious treatment | assessment
- "Arte" serious and well-documented broadcasts commendable | positive assessment
- Future of planet lies in space | assessment
- Overpopulation, adventure, raw materials, conquest, colonization pushing expansion | motivations
- Will we one day be extraterrestrials for other planets? | philosophical question
- Our probes orbiting distant worlds, what would hypothetical inhabitants think? | perspective question
- Must prepare for this prospect | requirement
- Media can help educate masses | capability
- Strengthened SEPRA could usefully train journalists | recommendation
- Could create documentary site on Internet | recommendation
- Section 14.1 | (What Can Government Fear From Media Curiosity)
- Section 14.2 | (What Attitudes do Media Adopt)
- Section 14.3 | (What Should Be Done)
- Orson Welles fictional program 1938 | historical precedent
- Roswell incident 1947 | historical reference
- San Carlos de Bariloche case | media coverage example
- Channel + "Nuit des Extraterrestres" | French television program
- "Arte" March 1996 broadcast | serious media example
- SEPRA | strengthening and journalist training proposal
- Internet documentary site | proposed media tool
- "Panic: the media broadcast terrifying information liable to sow panic among the population" | government fear
- "The famous example of Orson Welles's fictional program taken literally by radio listeners in 1938" | historical precedent
- "The disinformation campaign was skillfully conducted, since it has muzzled the media for 30 years" | campaign assessment
- "Mistrust: the fear of seeing accurate information divulged and repeated with obvious irony" | government fear
- "For the tabloids, anything is good if it sells" | media attitude
- "thanks to the tabloids that the latest revelations concerning Roswell made by old witnesses have begun to become known" | positive tabloid role
- "The future of our planet lies in space" | future perspective
- "Will we one day be the extraterrestrials for other planets?" | philosophical question
- "A strengthened SEPRA could usefully dedicate its efforts to the training of journalists and could create a documentary site on the Internet" | recommendation
Page 67
View PDF ↗- 20 years ago (from document date) | First Association des Auditeurs IHEDN report publication
- 1947 | Extraterrestrial hypothesis advanced by U.S. military personnel
- (centuries) | Meteorite acceptance timeline reference
- U.S. military personnel | 1947 hypothesis proposers
- Scientists (astronomers, physicists, engineers, futurologists) | hypothesis elaborators
- Aircraft and helicopter pilots | targets for information campaign
- Political, military, administrative decision-makers | notification targets
- Civilian and military pilots | impression by UFO maneuvers
- Association des Auditeurs IHEDN | first report publisher 20 years ago
- CNES | serious studies conductor
- Gendarmerie Nationale | collaboration partner
- Air Force | collaboration partner
- Civil Aviation | State agency collaboration
- Weather Service | State agency collaboration
- United States | primary discrete research location
- ENA (National Public Management College) | information campaign target
- IHEDN | information campaign target
- Ministry of Defense schools (Air, Navale, Saint-Cyr, Gendarmerie, Sante des Armees, Polytechnique, ENSTA, ENSAE, CID, CHEAR, CHEM) | information campaign targets
- Completely unknown flying objects with remarkable flight performances | confirmed observation
- Noiselessness of objects | characteristic observation
- Intelligent operation of objects | apparent operation characteristic
- Maneuvers considerably impress civilian and military pilots | effect observation
- Automobile breakdowns | manifestation observation
- Truncated beams of light | manifestation observation
- UFO problem cannot be eliminated by caustic witticisms | assessment
- CNES conducted serious studies 20 years since first IHEDN report | assessment
- Studies tally with research abroad mainly in U.S. | assessment
- Almost certain physical reality of unknown flying objects | assessment
- Objects show remarkable flight performances and noiselessness | assessment
- Apparently operated by intelligent beings | assessment
- Objects considerably impress civilian and military pilots | assessment
- Pilots hesitate to speak about them | assessment
- Fear of ridicule, alienation, gullibility principal reason for reserve | assessment
- Secret craft of earthly origin can only explain minority of cases | assessment
- Limits of earthly craft explanation clearly perceived | assessment
- Forced to resort to other hypotheses | assessment
- Some hypotheses cannot be confirmed or invalidated, therefore not scientific | assessment
- Difficult to scientifically study rare, elusive, random phenomena | assessment
- Science based on experiments and reproducibility | assessment
- Meteorite example shows rare phenomena eventually accepted | historical precedent
- Single hypothesis sufficiently accounts for facts | assessment
- Calls for present-day science | assessment
- Extraterrestrial visitor hypothesis best fits | assessment
- Advanced as of 1947 by U.S. military personnel | historical origin
- Today popular worldwide | assessment
- Discredited by certain elite | assessment
- Is plausible | assessment
- Scientists elaborated enough to be receivable as hypothesis | assessment
- Different plausible variants concerning voyage developed | assessment
- Magnetohydrodynamic technology model reached significant development | assessment
- Could be employed to propel UFOs in atmosphere | possibility
- Other manifestations begun to receive physical explanation | assessment
- Purposes of possible visitors remain unknown | assessment
- Must be subject of indispensable speculations | requirement
- Prospective scenarios development necessary | requirement
- Extraterrestrial hypothesis by far best scientific hypothesis | conclusion
- Not categorically proven | assessment
- Strong presumptions exist in favor | assessment
- If correct, loaded with significant consequences | conditional assessment
- Based on prudent but solid assessment | foundation statement
- Several recommendations can be made | action statement
- Association des Auditeurs IHEDN | first report 20 years ago
- CNES studies | collaboration with Gendarmerie Nationale, Air Force, other agencies
- United States research | discrete research location
- Meteorite acceptance | historical scientific precedent
- Magnetohydrodynamic technology | propulsion model
- Extraterrestrial visitor hypothesis | primary hypothesis
- "The UFO problem cannot be eliminated by mere caustic and offhand witticisms" | opening assessment
- "almost certain physical reality of completely unknown flying objects with remarkable flight performances and noiselessness" | physical reality assessment
- "apparently operated by intelligent [beings]" | operation assessment
- "The fear of appearing ridiculous, alienated, or simply gullible is the principal reason for this reserve" | pilot hesitation explanation
- "A single hypothesis sufficiently takes into account the facts and, for the most part, only calls for present-day science" | extraterrestrial hypothesis
- "It is the hypothesis of extraterrestrial visitors" | primary hypothesis statement
- "Advanced as of 1947 by certain U.S. military personnel, today it is popular worldwide" | hypothesis history
- "is discredited by a certain elite, but is plausible" | hypothesis status
- "The extraterrestrial hypothesis is by far, the best scientific hypothesis" | conclusion statement
- "it is loaded with significant consequences" | consequences assessment
- "Based on this prudent but solid assessment, we can make several recommendations" | foundation for recommendations
Page 68
View PDF ↗- Air traffic controllers | proper reaction training targets
- Military and civilian personnel | information campaign targets
- Public authorities | contingency planning participants
- Civilian schools | National Police College, Police Officers Academy, journalism schools, Ecole Nationale de l'Aviation Civile
- ENAC (Ecole Nationale de l'Aviation Civile) | school with ongoing UFO response training
- DGA (Direction Générale de l'Armement) | research support agency
- ONERA | research agency
- CEA/DAM (Directorate of Military Applications) | research agency
- Direction de la Communication de la Défense (Defense Communications Directorate) | special department
- DICOD (former central SIRPA) | Armed Forces Information/Public Relations Department
- SEPRA | organization to be boosted with resources
- European Union | diplomatic support entity
- United States | diplomatic target/superpower
- Other States | diplomatic support entities
- Space surveillance systems | civilian and military
- Highest State level unit | to be created for collaboration with SEPRA
- France | radar detection location
- Europe | information collection scope
- World | information collection scope
- United States | diplomatic pressure target
- European Union | diplomatic coordination level
- Primary radar detects geographic position and altitude | technical capability
- Secondary radars in civilian network | technical system description
- Information campaign gradual approach recommended | strategy
- Target audiences include multiple government and educational institutions | assessment
- ENAC has numerous ongoing UFO response conferences | current activity
- Disinfonnation processes deserve special attention | assessment
- SEPRA resource boost necessary | recommendation
- Investigation/analysis possibilities need development | recommendation
- Worldwide UFO manifestation information collection needed | recommendation
- Database maintenance on manifestations important | recommendation
- Foreign relations status reinforcement necessary | recommendation
- UFO detection should be space surveillance objective | recommendation
- Necessary for other reasons: collision prevention | justification
- High-level state unit needed to collaborate with SEPRA | recommendation
- Annual budget of few million francs adequate | resource assessment
- Sectorial cooperation agreements necessary | recommendation
- Diplomatic demarches to U.S. recommended | recommendation
- Support of other States and EU needed | diplomatic strategy
- Should urge superpower to collaborate | diplomatic objective
- Pressure necessary to clarify crucial issue | assessment
- Comes within political/strategic alliances framework | context
- Contingency planning needed for spectacular UFO manifestations | recommendation
- Must maintain minimum distance during reflections | safety precaution
- Recommendation 1 | Information campaign targets list
- Recommendation 2 | SEPRA resource boosting
- Recommendation 3 | Space surveillance objectives
- Recommendation 4 | High-level state unit creation
- Recommendation 5 | Diplomatic initiatives to U.S.
- Recommendation 6 | Contingency planning measures
- Appendix 1 | Radar Detection in France
- DGA, ONERA, CEA/DAM | research agencies
- DICOD/former SIRPA | communications directorate
- "calling their attention to disinformation processes" | special department notification
- "develop its investigation and analysis possibilities" | SEPRA boost objective
- "maintain and develop databases on different aspects of these manifestations" | SEPRA capability
- "Make the detection of UFOs an objective for civilian and military space surveillance systems" | recommendation priority
- "Create a unit at the highest State level to collaborate with SEPRA" | recommendation specification
- "exert useful pressure to clarify this crucial issue" | diplomatic strategy
- "overt attempt to make contact, landing before numerous witnesses, other substantial actions" | contingency scenarios
- "These reflections would be carried out methodically, while maintaining, obviously, a minimum distance" | contingency planning principle
Page 69
View PDF ↗- 1950s | Hynek informal questioning period
- 1970s | Peter A. Sturrock questionnaire period
- 1997 | Clyde Tombaugh death year
- Josef Allen Hynek | astronomer who questioned colleagues
- Professor Lincoln La Paz | Director of Institute of Meteoritics, University of New Mexico, sighting witness
- Clyde Tombaugh | discoverer of planet Pluto, died 1997, sighting witness
- Peter A. Sturrock | astronomer conducting 1970s questionnaire study
- Jean-Claude Ribes | Appendix 2 author
- Georges Courtes | Marseilles astronomer with sighting
- Maurice Viton | Marseilles astronomer with sighting
- (unnamed) colleague of Ribes | sighting witness, well-informed amateur
- Institute of Meteoritics | University of New Mexico
- American Astronomical Association | 2611 members surveyed
- STRIDA (Systeme de Traitement des Informations de Defense Aerienne) | Air Defense Information Processing Center network
- Military Control and Detection Centers (CDC) | radar detection locations
- Air Force AWACS | airborne warning aircraft
- Navy Hawkeyes | airborne warning aircraft
- Neighboring countries radar stations | data collection sources
- Territory (France) | radar collection scope
- 4500 km per side square | detection coverage area
- University of New Mexico | La Paz affiliation
- Marseilles | Courtes and Viton location
- France | systematic study scope
- Primary radar detects 3-dimensional radar position/altitude via reflection | technical capability
- Secondary radar only detects transponder-equipped objects | technical limitation
- Non-transponder objects not detected by secondary radar | detection gap
- Military CDC primary radars may detect UFOs (if not stealth) | detection capability
- AWACS and Hawkeyes airborne detection capability | detection capability
- All radar information collected/processed in STRIDA network | centralized system
- Detection coverage over 4500 km per side square | coverage area
- Hynek found 10% of 40 astronomers sighted unexplained phenomena | study result
- Sturrock received 2611 questionnaires to American Astronomical Association members | survey scope
- Half responded to Sturrock questionnaire | response rate
- Sixty sightings encountered in Sturrock study | study result
- Marseilles astronomers Courtes and Viton frequently cited sighting | documented case
- Colleague's sighting: object with apparent lunar diameter size | observation detail
- Object moved slowly from north to south | observation detail
- Moon was visible during sighting | observation context
- Three-dimensional radar detail extremely important | assessment
- Only military CDC primary radars detect UFOs (if not stealth) | detection limitation
- All radar information centrally collected and processed | system advantage
- Astronomers extremely reticent to relate sightings | behavioral assessment
- Fear of ridicule principal reason for reticence | assessment
- Amateurs desire professional recognition | motivation assessment
- No specific investigation conducted among amateur astronomers | research gap
- Two independent professional astronomer studies show different results | comparative assessment
- Hynek informal study showed 10%+ sighting rate | finding
- La Paz and Tombaugh credible witnesses | credibility assessment
- Sturrock anonymous questionnaire yielded 60 sightings from half responding | finding
- No systematic study conducted in France | research gap
- Marseilles sighting frequently cited | credibility assessment
- Percentage of astronomer sightings comparable to general population | finding
- Definite reticence among vast majority of astronomers | assessment
- Appendix 1 | Radar Detection in France
- Appendix 2 | Astronomers' Sightings by Jean-Claude Ribes
- Three-dimensional radar | detection method
- Transponder | secondary radar detection requirement
- Stealth craft | detection avoidance capability
- STRIDA network | centralized radar processing
- AWACS and Hawkeyes | airborne detection aircraft
- Josef Allen Hynek | 1950s study
- Peter A. Sturrock | 1970s study
- Institute of Meteoritics | La Paz affiliation
- Planet Pluto | Tombaugh discovery
- American Astronomical Association | Sturrock study population
- "This detail is extremely important in the case in question, because only the primary radars installed at military Control and Detection Centers (CDC) and radar detection aircraft, the Air Force AWACS and soon the Navy Hawkeyes, may detect a UFO, provided that the latter is not a 'stealth' craft" | radar detection importance
- "detection coverage over a square more than 4500 km per side" | coverage area
- "fear of ridicule, because amateurs are generally desirous of 'professional' recognition" | reticence reason
- "the percentage of sightings by astronomers is comparable to that noted in the overall population, although there is a definite reticence among a vast" | findings conclusion
Page 70
View PDF ↗- Few decades ago | When extraterrestrial life left belief domain
- 3.5 billion years ago | Mars favorable conditions timeframe
- 35 years | SETI program duration
- 20th century (second half) | Solar system exploration period
- 21st century | Projected space colonization period
- Coming years | Orbital station Alpha positioning timeline
- French colleagues | confirmation sources for Sturrock conclusion
- Biologists | life chemical mechanisms researchers
- Radioastronomers | SETI program participants
- U.S. Congress | SETI program cancelers
- Americans | space colonization planners
- Russians | Mir program operators
- Sturrock study | referenced conclusion
- Viking probes | Mars exploration program
- NASA | Mars fossil discovery announcer, SETI program operator
- U.S. Congress | NASA program canceler
- SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) | 35-year radio signal program
- French radiotelescope at Nançay | SETI research location
- Permanent orbital station Alpha | international project
- Russian Mir program | predecessor to Alpha
- Earth | life adaptation reference
- Solar system | planetary system example
- Mars | favorable conditions location 3.5 billion years ago
- Venus | probe placement location
- Pluto | excluded from probe placements
- Comets | probe targets
- Asteroids | probe targets
- Siberia | life adaptation example
- Ocean depths | life adaptation example
- Space | SETI signal source
- Nançay, France | radiotelescope location
- Extraterrestrial life left belief domain, entered scientific research | knowledge domain shift
- Viking probes showed Mars had liquid water 3.5 billion years ago | Mars observation
- Mars offered more favorable conditions then than present | historical condition assessment
- Elementary bacterial life forms possibly existed on Mars | possibility
- Fossils discovered in Mars meteorite (NASA announced) | discovery claim
- Astronomers thought stars surrounded by planetary systems | historical theory
- Half dozen stars now known each with at least one planet | recent discovery
- Life adapts to sharp temperature variations | adaptation observation
- Life adapts to extreme temperatures | adaptation observation
- No intelligent radio signals detected in 35 years | SETI result
- Major NASA SETI program was canceled by U.S. Congress | program status
- Program revived using private funds | program revival
- Nançay radiotelescope used for SETI studies | facility usage
- Second half 20th century: man on moon, Mars/Venus probes, asteroid/comet probes | 20th century achievements
- Permanent orbital station Alpha coming | near-term project
- International follow-up to Russian Mir program | program status
- General opinion of astronomers much less negative than sometimes stated | assessment
- No consensus among astronomers on UFO subject | assessment
- Many astronomers want objective phenomenon study | preference assessment
- Private conversations confirm Sturrock conclusion | validation
- Many would refuse journalist broach but agree with serious scientific study | behavioral assessment
- Extraterrestrial life scientific question very rapid for several years | research pace
- Solar system currently unsuited to life | current status
- Mars had favorable conditions 3.5 billion years ago | historical assessment
- Elementary life form existence on ancient Mars not ruled out | possibility assessment
- Fossil study reason for future Martian expeditions | motivation
- Fossil discovery debate increases site visitation interest | consequence assessment
- Stars should be surrounded by planetary systems (long-held theory) | theoretical basis
- Only recent years confirmed this theory with experience | confirmation timeline
- Half dozen stars with planets now known | recent finding
- Chemical life mechanisms understanding rapid progress | research progress
- Life appears necessity rather than coincidence | theoretical assessment
- Life adapts to extreme variations and temperatures previously considered impossible | adaptation finding
- No radio signals surprising given immensity to explore | assessment
- NASA SETI program improvement by several orders of magnitude expected | improvement projection
- Nançay radiotelescope perhaps to be included in program | possibility
- 21st century might be space colonization century | future projection
- Permanent human settlements and interplanetary voyage preparation anticipated | future activity
- Appendix 2 | Astronomers' Sightings (continued)
- Appendix 3 | Life in the Universe
- Appendix 4 | Colonization of Space
- Sturrock conclusion | astronomer reticence confirmation
- Viking probes | Mars exploration program
- NASA | fossil announcement and SETI operation
- SETI | 35-year radio search program
- Nançay radiotelescope | French SETI facility
- Orbital station Alpha | international space project
- Russian Mir program | space station predecessor
- "the general opinion of astronomers on the subject is much less negative than one says sometimes, and the least that you could say is that there is no consensus" | astronomer opinion assessment
- "when I speak with them about a serious scientific study, they state that they are in agreement" | astronomer agreement
- "the question of extraterrestrial life left the domain of belief barely a few decades ago and entered the domain of scientific research" | knowledge domain shift
- "the chemical mechanisms that give rise to life...appears more and more to be a necessity rather than a coincidence" | life origin assessment
- "Twenty years' experience has shown, from Siberia to the ocean depths, that life adapts itself to sharp variations in temperature or to extreme temperatures" | life adaptation finding
- "The 21st century might be the century of the colonization of our system" | future projection
Page 71
View PDF ↗- 1961 | First Russian ecosystem experiment
- 1991-1993 | Biosphere 2 two-year experiment period
- Middle of next century | Projected autonomous moon base timeframe
- Several centuries | Interstellar voyage duration projection
- Russians | ecosystem experiment pioneers
- Americans | Biosphere 2 experimenters
- O'Neill | American physicist, artificial planet idea conceiver
- Eight people | Biosphere 2 inhabitants
- Four men and four women | 1991-1993 experiment participants
- University of Columbia | structure takeover entity
- Astronomers | moon base scientific necessity
- Russians | ecosystem research pioneers
- Americans | ecosystem and space program developers
- Biosphere 2 | greenhouse ecosystem experiment
- University of Columbia | Biosphere 2 successor operator
- Press and scientific community | Biosphere 2 critics
- Automatic probes | reconnaissance mission operators
- Moon | lunar base location
- Antarctic | reference base type
- Asteroid belt | artificial planet location (between Mars/Jupiter)
- Mars | expedition destination
- Jupiter | asteroid belt boundary reference
- Other star | interstellar voyage destination
- Other systems | civilization contact locations
- Asteroid belt of other systems | potential expedition settlement location
- Permanent lunar base planned (minimal like Antarctic base) | infrastructure plan
- Essential raw materials need on-site extraction/recycling | resource requirement
- Current method brings everything from Earth via costly launches | current limitation
- Biosphere 2: greenhouse 1.3 ha surface area | facility specification
- Closed circuit with outside power supply planned | system specification
- 8 people capacity planned | human capacity
- 1991-1993 experiment: 4 men, 4 women lived almost entirely self-sufficiently | experimental result
- Water recycling total in experiment | result
- Air recycling imperfect (oxygen added after 15 months) | result
- Food production slightly inadequate (inhabitants left thinner) | result
- O'Neill proposed cylindrical structures 30 km length x 6 km diameter | design specification
- Rotation creates artificial gravity | design feature
- Can shelter millions in earth-type biosphere | capacity
- Asteroid belt has abundance of easy-to-exploit materials | resource availability
- Asteroid belt provides oxygen and water | resource types
- Smaller craft models can leave solar system after antimatter mastery | future capability
- Voyage of several centuries to nearby star | voyage duration
- Generations succeed one another in "ship-worlds" | voyage scenario
- Human hibernation mastery could shorten voyages | alternative scenario
- Cannot apply current method on large scale | feasibility assessment
- Almost everything needs costly Earth launches | cost assessment
- Ecosystem experiments studied by Russians first then Americans | research chronology
- Biosphere 2 unjustly criticized by press and scientific community | assessment
- Despite amateur sides, contributed greatly | positive assessment
- Principle validity demonstrated by two-year experiment | validation
- Water recycling successful, air recycling needed improvement | technical assessment
- Food production inadequate in experiment | technical assessment
- University of Columbia interested in ecological rather than space aspect | institutional interest
- Biosphere 2 descendant could represent future moon base | future applicability
- Human moon settlement scientific necessity for astronomers | assessment
- Moon also springboard into space | strategic assessment
- Moon materials can construct stations and spaceships | resource assessment
- Moon resource exploitation more economical than Earth | economic assessment
- Reduced gravity and atmosphere absence enable easy orbit launch | technical advantage
- Human Mars expeditions must follow automated missions | sequence requirement
- Martian life traces verification necessary | requirement reason
- Permanent Martian colonies can be envisioned | possibility
- Can imagine skipping colony step via artificial planets | alternative approach
- Artificial planets constructible in asteroid belt | feasibility
- Migrations probably not until reconnaissance probes complete | timing assessment
- Preferred destinations systems with evolved life planets | selection criterion
- Human expedition at lower technical development stage civilization likely | demographic assessment
- Reverse scenario: contact already via telecommunications or advanced civilization visited | alternative scenarios
- Cannot afford open intervention for ethical reasons | ethical constraint
- Cannot afford open intervention for culture shock risk | practical constraint
- Serious scientific study requires non-intervention | methodological requirement
- Appendix 4 | Colonization of Space (continued)
- Russians | first ecosystem experiment 1961
- Biosphere 2 | ecosystem experiment
- University of Columbia | successor operator
- O'Neill | artificial planet theorist
- Antarctic base | reference model
- Asteroid belt | colonization location
- Mars and Jupiter | orbital boundaries
- SETI/reconnaissance probes | prerequisite missions
- Human hibernation | potential voyage technology
- "principle, to establish a permanent base on the moon, a minimal station like the Antarctic base" | lunar base plan
- "it would be necessary to recreate an ecosystem where the essential raw material needs (including air, water, and food) could be extracted on site or recycled" | ecosystem requirement
- "the recycling of water was total, while the recycling of air was imperfect (it was necessary to add oxygen after fifteen months of total isolation)" | Biosphere 2 result
- "cylindrical structures 30 km in length by 6 km in diameter, in rotation to create an artificial gravity" | O'Neill design
- "smaller models of these same craft will be able to leave the solar system" | interstellar capability
- "during which generations will succeed one another in these 'ship-worlds'" | generational voyage
- "for ethical reasons, but also in the interest of a serious scientific study, it could not afford to intervene openly, at the risk of inducing a fatal culture shock" | ethical principle
Page 72
View PDF ↗- Summer 1947 | Roswell base status (only nuclear-armed bombers in world)
- 1947-06-24 | Kenneth Arnold nine UFO sighting
- 1947-07-08 (morning) | Roswell base debris recovery announcement
- 1947-07-08 (afternoon) | Fort Worth General Ramey weather balloon announcement
- 1947-07 | Military personnel death threats to witnesses
- 1947 | General du Bose/Ramey incident timing
- 1978 | Lieutenant Colonel Marcel television testimony
- 1991 | General du Bose affidavit confirmation
- 1994-01 (beginning) | Representative Schiff requests DoD explanations
- 1994-09 | Air Force Secretary Office Roswell report publication
- (30+ years) | Duration affair was buried
- Kenneth Arnold | American UFO sighter (June 24)
- General Ramey | Commander 8th Air Force, base commander
- Lieutenant Colonel Marcel (ER) | intelligence officer, debris recovery person
- American ufologists | investigation conductors
- Military personnel (witnesses) | death threat makers
- General du Bose [sic] (CR) | General Ramey's chief of staff 1947
- U.S. Representative Schiff | New Mexico, DoD inquiry requester
- General Accounting Office (GAO) | inquiry conductor
- Air Force Secretary Office | report publisher
- Roswell base | New Mexico nuclear bomber base
- 8th Air Force | military command
- Local radio stations | news providers
- Journalists | photographers of debris
- American ufologists | investigation conductors
- Department of Defense (DoD) | explanation recipient
- General Accounting Office (GAO) | inquiry conductor
- Office of Secretary of Air Force | report publisher
- Roswell, New Mexico | base location
- Ranch | crash debris location
- Fort Worth, Texas | General Ramey announcement location
- New Mexico | Representative Schiff district
- Field of debris | separate location from space glider frame
- Distance from debris field | space glider and humanoid cadavers location
- Nine UFOs sighted by Kenneth Arnold | June 24 sighting
- Flying disk crashed on ranch | debris recovery
- Debris recovered by military personnel | Roswell base
- Small humanoids cadavers found | separate location from debris
- Space glider frame found | separate location from debris
- Debris shown to journalists and photographed | visual evidence
- Weather balloon debris shown instead | substituted evidence
- Strange debris described by multiple witnesses | testimony observation
- Military personnel made death threats | witness intimidation
- Affidavits and filmed testimonies collected | documentation
- Video testimonies available for multiple events | evidentiary record
- Roswell base housed only nuclear-armed bombers in world | strategic assessment
- News of UFO sighting broadcast worldwide | information dissemination
- Affair buried for over thirty years | suppression duration
- Marcel's testimony contradicts Ramey debris claim | testimony conflict
- Debris Ramey showed journalists not from Roswell base | evidence substitution
- Witnesses threatened with death if talked | intimidation severity assessment
- Some testimonies describe space glider frame | credible account
- Some testimonies describe humanoid cadavers | credible account
- General du Bose confirms debris substitution | official confirmation
- Debris cannot be from aircraft or missile | Air Force conclusion
- Probably debris from secret Mogul project | Air Force alternative explanation
- Mogul project secret required weather balloon cover | protective motivation
- Materials (shell, radar reflector) same as weather balloon | technical similarity assessment
- Report shortens witness affidavits | evidence manipulation
- Strange debris description made to appear Mogul | report manipulation
- Frame not mentioned in report | omission
- Humanoid testimonies attributed to foggy memory | dismissal technique
- Appendix 5 | The Roswell Affair - Disinformation
- Summer 1947 | time reference for Roswell base nuclear bomber housing
- June 24 sighting | Kenneth Arnold UFO sighting
- July 8 morning announcement | Roswell base information to radio
- July 8 afternoon announcement | Fort Worth General Ramey weather balloon claim
- 1978 | Lieutenant Colonel Marcel television testimony
- 1947 | General du Bose/Ramey debris substitution period
- 1991 | General du Bose affidavit confirmation
- 1994 beginning | Representative Schiff DoD inquiry request
- September 1994 | Air Force Secretary Office Roswell report
- Mogul project | secret balloon project explanation
- Video testimonies | evidentiary format for multiple witnesses
- Affidavits | sworn and notarized witness statements
- "the only nuclear-armed bombers in the world" | Roswell base strategic status
- "a flying disk had crashed on a ranch and the military personnel from the base recovered the debris (video)" | initial Roswell announcement
- "after examination of the debris, [it was determined that] they were from a weather balloon" | General Ramey's weather balloon claim
- "the debris was definitely of extraterrestrial origin (video)" | Lieutenant Colonel Marcel testimony
- "military personnel had threatened them with death if they talked (video)" | witness intimidation
- "the frame of a sort of space glider and cadavers of small humanoids (video)" | separate discovery claim
- "had substituted the debris from a weather balloon, which he had shown the journalists, for the debris sent by the Roswell base" | General du Bose affidavit on substitution
- "They are probably debris from a series of balloons from the secret Mogul project" | Air Force alternative explanation
- "To protect the secret, General Ramey leads everyone to believe it is a weather balloon" | protective motivation
- "attributes the 'bona fide testimonies' regarding humanoids to 'foggy memory'" | dismissal technique
Page 73
View PDF ↗- 1945-03 to 1949-12 | Period of destroyed administrative documents
- 1946-10 to 1949-02 | Period of destroyed radio messages
- 1995 Summer and Fall | Autopsy film broadcast period
- 1995-07 | GAO report publication
- 1996 | Independence Day film and X-Files references
- 1947-07-04 | Alleged crash date (Independence Day) at 2330 hours
- 1947-07 | Roswell incident timeframe
- Representative Schiff | GAO inquiry requester
- GAO inquiry officials | document request recipients
- Television stations (about 30) | autopsy film broadcasters
- TF1 | French television channel presenting witness videos
- Film producers (Independence Day) | Roswell reference makers
- X-Files creators | Roswell reference makers
- Karl Pflock | "ufologist", former CIA and DoD employee, book author
- Pierre Lagrange | French sociologist, disinformation analysis victim
- U.S. military personnel | secret keepers regarding Roswell
- GAO (General Accounting Office) | inquiry conductor
- CIA, FBI, DoD, DoE, NSC | organizations requested for documents
- TF1 | French television channel
- United States Air Force | clumsy explanation maker
- Independence Day production | film maker
- X-Files production | television series maker
- Ufologists | disinformation disseminators
- Roswell base | administrative documents destruction location
- Thirty television stations | autopsy film broadcast locations
- France | sociologist Pierre Lagrange location
- United States | military experiments location
- Base administrative documents March 1945-December 1949 destroyed | document destruction
- Base radio messages October 1946-February 1949 destroyed | message destruction
- Destruction report doesn't mention when, by whom, or whose orders | documentation gap
- GAO provided practically no documents of interest | inquiry result
- Autopsy film of alleged humanoid cadaver aired | film broadcast
- Film authenticity questionable | film evaluation
- Film shows no connection to Roswell incident | content assessment
- About thirty television stations broadcast film | dissemination scope
- GAO conclusions and witness videos unnoticed, lost in autopsy film coverage | media impact
- Very consistent interviews, affidavits, video testimonies on material discovery | witness consistency
- Thin metallic sheet with very great resistance | material property
- Sheet elasticity: crumpled into ball, spontaneously returns initial shape without residual fold | material property
- No one knows how to make such material in our time | material assessment
- Crash occurred July 4, Independence Day, around 2330 hours | incident timing
- GAO report states "debate on what actually happened at Roswell continues" | ongoing dispute assessment
- Destruction of documents suggests hiding something important | inference
- Destruction parallels plutonium human experimentation concealment | historical parallel
- Extraterrestrial vessel hypothesis supported by quality testimonies | credibility assessment
- Cannot be dismissed | strength of evidence assessment
- Two main disinformation types used: reducing and amplifying | disinformation strategy
- Reducing disinformation apparent in Air Force report | strategy identification
- Testimonies cut down to give credence to Mogul balloon hypothesis | report manipulation
- Reducing disinformation in Roswell in Perspective by Karl Pflock | book manipulation
- Full affidavits in appendix but ignored/shortened in text | text manipulation
- Date and time of crash symbolize American power | symbolic assessment
- Question: accident or deliberate crash message/authenticator? | speculation
- Pierre Lagrange victim of simplified disinformation | effect on researcher
- July 1995 | GAO report date
- GAO report pages 1-2 | specific references
- Mogul project | alternative explanation in Air Force report
- Summer and fall 1995 | autopsy film broadcast period
- 1996 | Independence Day and X-Files references
- Roswell in Perspective | Karl Pflock book
- CIA and DoD employee status | Karl Pflock background
- Plutonium human experiments | historical precedent
- Pierre Lagrange sociology analysis | disinformation effect documentation
- "The debate on what actually happened at Roswell continues" | GAO page 1
- "All of the base's administrative documents for the March 1945-December 1949 period were destroyed, and all radio messages sent by the base from October 1946 to February 1949 were destroyed. The destruction report does not mention when, by whom, and on whose orders this destruction was carried out" | GAO page 2
- "a thin sheet that looks like metal with very great resistance and that is so elastic that after it has been crumpled up into a ball, it spontaneously returns to its initial shape without the least sign of a residual fold" | witness account of material
- "if the crash was in fact that of an extraterrestrial vessel, was it truly an accident or a was it a deliberate crash constituting a message and/or the authenticator?" | theoretical question on crash nature
- "The disappearances of files and the Air Force's clumsy attempts at explaining [the incident] show that U.S. military personnel are hiding something important" | disinformation assessment
- "To protect the secret, the two main types of disinformation, reducing and amplifying, were used in the Roswell affair" | disinformation strategy statement
- "[I will] close with a bit of psychology. Why do many people not believe in the" | Pierre Lagrange quote beginning
Page 74
View PDF ↗- 1948-1966 | Hynek's tenure as Air Force consultant
- 1952-12 | Robertson Committee assembly by CIA
- 1952 | Adamski's alleged Venusian contacts
- 1956 | Lakenheath case
- 1957 | RB-47 case
- 1976 | Tehran case
- 1970s (end of) | Roswell affair resurgence
- Bertrand Meheust | emphasis on Martian craft technological imagination
- Astronomer Hynek | Air Force consultant revealing disinformation
- Robertson Committee | "scientific" committee assembled by CIA
- Philip Klass | editor of Aviation Week and Space Technology
- Adamski | alleged Venusian contact claimant
- Bennewicz | ufologist physicist recording pulsed microwaves
- Special agent Doty | AFOSI officer at Kirtland AFB
- American saucerists | recipients of Bennewicz information
- CIA | Robertson Committee assembler, ufological movement infiltrator
- Robertson Committee | UFO phenomenon aura stripping recommender
- Air Force | UFO phenomenon trivialization practitioner
- Aviation Week and Space Technology | publication edited by Philip Klass
- Air Force Office of Special Investigation (AFOSI) | Bennewicz inducement source
- Kirtland (New Mexico) Air Force Base | testing ground location
- U.S. Army | joint base ownership entity
- Lakenheath | 1956 case location
- RB-47 flight path | 1957 case location
- Tehran | 1976 case location
- Kirtland Air Force Base | New Mexico, testing ground location
- New Mexico and Nevada bases | alleged joint U.S. Army/extraterrestrial ownership
- Venus | Adamski contact origin claim
- Light rays described in early century science fiction capable of killing/healing | historical SF reference
- Military and medical lasers exist today | technological validation
- Pulsed microwaves recorded at Kirtland AFB testing ground | Bennewicz observation
- Numerous kidnappings claimed with implant placement | alleged abduction claims
- Technology transfers at joint bases claimed | alleged secret activities
- EBEs (Extraterrestrial Biological Entities) claimed as joint base occupants | alleged entity presence
- Mariancrafted crash comes under technological imagination of century beginning | cultural assessment
- Ultralight and ultraresistant materials under same categorization | cultural assessment
- Simplistic sociopsychologist theory refutable by laser example | theory refutation
- Amplifying disinformation succeeded in discrediting Roswell affair | effect assessment
- Covered up GAO report publication and video testimony dissemination | manipulation consequence
- Well-orchestrated manipulation tempting to believe in | assessment
- Air Force practiced reducing disinformation from onset | assessment
- Hynek aided in trivializing numerous cases | historical assessment
- Disinformation policy intensified by Robertson Committee recommendations | policy intensification
- Robertson Committee suggested stripping UFO aura of mystery | strategic objective
- Same committee recommended monitoring ufological movements | surveillance objective
- Movements infiltrated by CIA mainly | infiltration assessment
- Philip Klass hardly convincing in case nullification attempts | credibility assessment
- Tehran case example: correct testimonies cited but aspects ignored | manipulation method
- Reducing disinformation effective on extraterrestrial hypothesis doubters | target audience
- Amplifying disinformation aimed at others | alternative target
- Adamski contacts probably amplifying disinformation from early on | historical assessment
- Policy considerably extensive since Roswell resurgence end of 1970s | policy scope
- Bennewicz probably induced by AFOSI/Doty/other agencies | coercion assessment
- Information disclosed to American saucerists | dissemination pattern
- Chapter 2 | major aeronautical cases (Lakenheath, RB-47, Tehran)
- Ovnipreséence journal | February 1995 Meheust reference
- Hynek history | 1948-1966 Air Force consultant period
- Robertson Committee | December 1952 CIA assembly
- Philip Klass | Aviation Week and Space Technology editor
- Bennewicz case | late 1970s resurgence point of departure
- Kirtland Air Force Base | New Mexico testing ground location
- AFOSI | Air Force Office of Special Investigation
- EBEs | Extraterrestrial Biological Entities designation
- "the topic of the Martian craft that had the exquisite courtesy to crash in the vicinity of a military base comes under the heading of the technological imagination of the beginning of the century, just like the detail regarding the ultralight and ultraresistant materials that were used in its construction" | Bertrand Meheust quote
- "'stripping the UFO phenomenon of its aura of mystery'" | Robertson Committee suggestion
- "monitoring" | Robertson Committee recommendation on ufological movements
- "He is hardly convincing" | assessment of Philip Klass
- "Reducing disinformation is effective on those who do not want to accept the possibility of the extraterrestrial hypothesis. Amplifying disinformation is aimed at others." | disinformation strategy distinction
- "recorded pulsed microwaves from a testing ground at Kirtland (New Mexico) Air Force base. He attributed them to UFOs exerting control over 'abductees' (kidnapped humans) furnished with implants!" | Bennewicz observation and attribution
- "EBEs, Extraterrestrial Biological Entities" | designation of alleged joint base occupants
Page 75
View PDF ↗- 1996-06 | Jane's Defence Weekly mention of Groom Lake
- 1946-02 to 1946-12 | Swedish phantom rockets period
- 1947-05 to 1947-07 | 850 U.S. sightings recorded
- 1947-01 | RAF Mosquito North Sea interception attempt
- 1940-1945 | WWII foo fighters period
- 1944-06 | Ground observations begin of foo fighters
- John Lear | aircraft builder's son, Air Force information contributor
- Bill Cooper | former Navy petty officer, 2nd Marine Division, CFR revelation maker
- Kenneth Arnold | pilot, June 24, 1947 sighting
- Council for Foreign Relations (CFR) | alleged world governance entity
- Bilderberg Group | alleged CFR governance partner
- Trilateral Commission | alleged CFR governance partner
- EBEs | alleged CFR governance partners
- Groom Lake base | Nevada location (Area 51)
- RAF Mosquito night fighter | North Sea interception aircraft
- Scandinavian, British, U.S. military authorities | ghost rocket investigators
- German factories | craft recovery source hypothesis
- Soviet Union | suspected craft developer
- Allied authorities | foo fighter concern entities
- Comic strip reference | probable foo fighter etymology source
- Mount Rainier area | northwest United States Kenneth Arnold sighting
- United States | 850 sightings May-July 1947
- North Sea | RAF Mosquito radar detection
- Swedish skies | phantom rockets February-December 1946
- Scandinavia | phantom rockets impact area
- Britain | phantom rockets investigation
- Germany | WWII bombing theaters
- Ground observers | foo fighter observation locations
- Phantom rockets: fusiform, spheres, disks | shape descriptions
- Most often horizontal flight | flight pattern
- Some leaving luminous trail | trail observation
- Capability for sudden ascent/descent | maneuver observation
- Close to thousand ghost rockets detected | quantity
- Red or green luminous balls several dozen centimeters diameter | foo fighter description
- Small metal-looking disks | foo fighter description
- Followed aircraft or flew around them | foo fighter behavior
- Intelligent behavior impression | behavioral assessment
- Not detected by radars of the time | radar evasion
- Did not seem material in nature | materiality assessment
- Some observers saw them touch wings/tail assemblies | contact observation
- No visible damage from contact | contact consequence
- Reported in all operation theaters | geographic scope
- Appeared in numbers during first major day bombings | timing correlation
- John Lear contributed details from Air Force friends | information source
- Groom Lake does exist, so secret Air Force doesn't recognize it | secrecy assessment
- Jane's Defence Weekly June 1996 mentions Groom Lake | public documentation
- Bill Cooper revealed CFR world governance claim | revelation assessment
- CFR works with Bilderberg and Trilateral Commission | alleged structure
- CFR supposedly works with EBEs | alleged collaboration
- Amplifying disinformation protected Kirtland microwave weapons research | protective function
- Protected Groom Lake new aircraft research | protective function
- Allowed ridicule weapon against gullible ufologists | tactical function
- UFO phenomenon truly worldwide dissemination from 1947 | dissemination timeline
- Unexplained air phenomena much older than 1947 | historical precedent
- 850 sightings May-July 1947 | quantity documentation
- RAF Mosquito tried in vain to intercept North Sea object | interception failure
- Phantom rockets worried Scandinavian, British, U.S. authorities | authority concern
- Soviet tests hypothesis with German-recovered craft later ruled out | hypothesis rejection
- Foo fighters not detected by radars | detection gap
- Did not seem material in nature | nature assessment
- Some observers saw contact without damage | physical contradiction
- First called Kraut fireballs then foo fighters | nomenclature change
- Allied authorities initially thought German secret process | initial assessment
- Clearly apparent by end of war it was not German | assessment reversal
- Appendix 5 | Roswell Affair continuation context
- John Lear | aircraft builder's son
- Area 51 | Groom Lake location designation
- Jane's Defence Weekly | June 1996 issue
- Bill Cooper | Navy petty officer, CFR claims
- Council for Foreign Relations | alleged governance entity
- Bilderberg Group | alleged governance partner
- Trilateral Commission | alleged governance partner
- EBEs | Extraterrestrial Biological Entities
- Appendix 6 | UFO Phenomenon chronology beginning
- Kenneth Arnold | Mount Rainier sighting June 24, 1947
- Phantom rockets 1946 | Swedish phenomena
- Foo fighters WWII | 1940-1945 observations
- German factories | Soviet craft recovery hypothesis
- "the Nevada base is Groom Lake base, in 'area 51'" | John Lear revelation
- "Council for Foreign Relations (CFR), which, according to him, governs the world through the Bilderberg [Group] and the Trilateral [Commission], supposedly does so in close union with the EBEs" | Bill Cooper claim
- "Amplifying disinformation has probably permitted the protection of research on microwave weapons at Kirtland and on new types of aircraft at Groom Lake" | disinformation protective function
- "It has certainly allowed the weapon of ridicule to be used against certain gullible ufologists" | tactical function
Page 76
View PDF ↗- 1880-1900 | Airship sightings period
- 1896-1897 | Peak U.S. airship sightings
- 1852 | Colonel Giffard's initial test
- 1885 | Renard's Paris dirigible flight
- 1910+ | First truly efficient aircraft period
- 1880s-1920s | WWI zeppelin period
- 1768 | Goethe's luminous tube sighting
- 1561-04 | Nuremberg spheres/disks/cigars battle
- 1566-08 | Basel spectacle
- 19th century (first three quarters) | Chronler sightings period
- 16th-17th centuries | European, American, Japanese sightings period
- Greco-Latin antiquity | Ancient testimonies period
- German pilots | foo fighter belief in secret U.S. weapon
- Colonel Giffard | 1852 elongated balloon test conductor
- Renard | 1885 Paris dirigible flyer
- Goethe | 1768 luminous tube witness
- Chroniclers | 19th century phenomenon documenters
- Ancient authors | 16th-17th century sighting recounters
- United States | 1880-1900 airship sightings location, 1896-1897 peak
- Great Britain | 1880-1900 airship sightings, turn of century wave
- Spain | airship sightings
- Germany | airship sightings
- Sweden | airship sightings
- Russia | airship sightings
- Paris | 1885 Renard dirigible flight
- Frankfort to Leipzig | 1768 Goethe trip route
- Nuremberg | April 1561 spheres/disks/cigars battle location
- Basel | August 1566 spectacle location
- Europe, America, Japan | 16th-17th century sightings
- Foo fighters: German pilots believed secret U.S. weapon | belief observation
- Saint Elmo's fires insufficient explanation | electrical phenomena
- Foo fighter files subject to military secrecy until 1949 | classification
- Large cigar/disk/sphere-shaped objects in both camps | observation
- Airships: resembling modern dirigibles, not produced until 20 years later | anachronism
- Fusiform vessels with powerful searchlights | airship description
- Often emitting engine sounds | sound observation
- Some seeming to have propellers | propeller observation
- Voluminous vessels | size observation
- Bright colored spheres, disks, cigars at Nuremberg | shape observation
- Battle-like behavior at Nuremberg | behavioral observation
- Similar spectacle at Basel | replication observation
- Goethe witnessed luminous tube on ground, 1768 | historical observation
- Surrounded by small bright moving flames | flame observation
- 19th century chronicler sightings: spheres, luminous wheels | shape observation
- German pilots' secret U.S. weapon belief | assessment
- Saint Elmo's fires explanation not convincing | assessment
- Diverse characteristics not accounted for by electrical phenomena | assessment
- Dirigible explanation has hard time holding up | assessment
- 1880 technology still in infancy | technological assessment
- Giffard test extremely low-power | technical assessment
- Renard flight still extremely slow, not easy to fly | performance assessment
- First truly efficient aircraft subsequent to 1910 | aircraft development timeline
- WWI zeppelins far from possessed observed characteristics | performance gap
- Ancient testimony accuracy doubted, especially distant past | testimony reliability
- Nuremberg sighting left profound mark on population | impact assessment
- Authorities great concern from Basel spectacle | official concern
- Appendix 6 continuation | chronological documentation
- Saint Elmo's fires | electrical phenomenon reference
- Colonel Giffard | 1852 test reference
- Renard | 1885 dirigible reference
- WWI zeppelins | aircraft reference
- Goethe | 1768 witness reference
- Nuremberg April 1561 | historical incident
- Basel August 1566 | historical incident
- 16th-17th centuries | historical period reference
- Greco-Latin antiquity | ancient historical period
- "German pilots had been persuaded that it was a case of a secret U.S. weapon" | German pilot belief
- "A board of inquiry reportedly was even created in Berlin to study the matter" | official investigation
- "The current explanation of electrical phenomena such as the Saint Elmo's fires is not convincing" | assessment
- "flying machines resembling modern dirigibles, which were not produced by factories until twenty years later" | anachronism observation
- "fairly voluminous, fusiform, vessels equipped with powerful searchlights, often emitting engine sounds" | airship characteristics
- "In actuality, in 1880, the technology of these craft was still in its infancy" | technological assessment
- "a large number of brightly colored spheres, disks, and 'cigars' seemed to wage a sort of battle" | Nuremberg description
Page 77
View PDF ↗- 1000-1500 | Chronicler sightings period
- 1327-1335 | Detchani monastery construction/fresco period
- Charlemagne reign | Agobard Bishop of Lyons incident
- Middle Ages | China/Japan luminous phenomena period
- 78th Olympiad | Daimachos fire globe sighting
- Ancient period | Greek/Latin chronicler period
- 1938 | Orson Welles "War of the Worlds" broadcast
- 1947 | Roswell incident (9 years after Welles broadcast)
- 1970s (end of) | Roswell resurgence beginning
- 15 years | Duration of Roswell media frenzy development
- Chroniclers | sighting documenters 1000-1500
- Angels | Detchani fresco representation
- Agobard | Bishop of Lyons during Charlemagne reign
- Three men and one woman | airship descent claimants
- Celestial beings | alleged kidnappers
- Dion Cassius | Latin chronicler
- Pliny the Elder | Latin chronicler
- Titus Livy | Latin chronicler
- Julius Obsequens | Latin chronicler
- Cicero | Latin chronicler
- Daimachos | Greek chronicler
- Anaxagoras | Greek chronicler
- Homer | Greek chronicler
- Orson Welles | radio program broadcaster
- Americans | majority supporting extraterrestrial existence
- Detchani monastery | fresco decoration location
- Scientific circles | resistance location
- Media | ridicule source
- Yugoslavia | Detchani monastery location
- Lyons | Agobard Bishop location
- China | luminous phenomena location
- Japan | luminous phenomena location
- Middle Ages | temporal location for China/Japan phenomena
- United States | "War of the Worlds" broadcast location
- Greek/Latin ancient regions | chronicler origins
- Luminous spheres, wheels, lances, bars moving in sky 1000-1500 | shape observation
- Angels in vessels flying in sky | Detchani fresco representation
- Three men, one woman descended from airship | Charlemagne reign observation
- Kidnapped by celestial beings showed them wonders | alleged experience
- Luminous celestial phenomena in China/Japan | regional observation
- Lights in sky, glowing shields, multiple moons/suns, golden spheres | Latin chronicle observations
- Fire globe crossed sky several times | Daimachos observation
- Celestial lights size of large beam | Anaxagoras observation
- Beams and shields of fire | Homer observations
- Luminous phenomena relatively frequent in China/Japan, Middle Ages | frequency assessment
- Greek chronicler testimonies fewer in number | documentation assessment
- Large number of Americans convinced of UFO physical reality | population assessment
- Americans convinced of extraterrestrial origin | belief assessment
- Americans convinced of government systematic coverup | conspiracy belief
- Most recent American works end with secrecy demand conclusion | publication pattern
- Media frenzy surrounding Roswell typical illustration | media pattern example
- Panic reaction fear explanation not necessarily rejected | plausibility assessment
- Panic reaction explanation seems bit narrow | assessment qualifier
- Roots of matter probably go deeper | complexity assessment
- Sociopsychological motivations more complex | motivation assessment
- Majority of Americans support intelligent extraterrestrial existence idea | population opinion
- Very strong resistance in scientific circles to visitation idea | resistance assessment
- Strong resistance in leadership to visitation idea | resistance assessment
- Strong resistance in media to visitation idea | resistance assessment
- Idea ridiculed by much of media | media treatment assessment
- Appendix 6 continuation | chronological documentation
- Detchani monastery | 1327-1335 construction location
- Agobard, Bishop of Lyons | Charlemagne reign figure
- Latin chroniclers | Dion Cassius, Pliny Elder, Titus Livy, Julius Obsequens, Cicero
- Greek chroniclers | Daimachos, Anaxagoras, Homer
- Homer | classical author reference
- Appendix 7 | Psychological, sociological, political aspects
- Orson Welles broadcast | "War of the Worlds" 1938
- Roswell affair | Appendix 5 reference
- American works on subject | publication pattern reference
- "three men and one woman who had descended from an airship, claiming to be returning to earth after having been kidnapped by celestial beings who allegedly showed them wonders" | Agobard account
- "luminous celestial phenomena similar to modern UFOs seem to have been relatively frequent in China and Japan, particularly in the Middle Ages" | assessment
- "By admitting that the extraterrestrial hypothesis is the good one, the secret, say some, would be kept out of fear of panic reactions" | secrecy explanation
- "The War of the Worlds" broadcast by Orson Welles in the United States in 1938 (only nine years prior to Roswell)" | historical precedent
- "the roots of the matter probably go deeper, and the sociopsychological motivations seem to be more complex" | complexity assessment
- "While a majority of Americans seem to support the idea of the existence of intelligent extraterrestrial [beings], a very strong resistance remains in scientific circles, among leaders, and in most of the media" | paradox statement
Page 78
View PDF ↗- President Jimmy Carter | political leader | USA | mentioned as rare exception with positive attitude toward UFO question
- Senator Barry M. Goldwater | politician | USA | mentioned as rare exception with positive attitude toward UFO question
- "Politicians and the vast majority of members of the intelligentsia state that humanity has better things to do than to chase such rainbows." | document author
- Scientists hesitate to tackle UFO problem due to fear of reputational damage and loss of funding | document author
- "A general school of thought has existed for close to two centuries that tends to dismiss the idea that terrestrial phenomena could be influenced from the outside." | document author
- Scientists fear confrontation with technology more advanced by centuries or millenniums | document author
- The social position of the scientific elite would be compromised if extraterrestrial UFOs were proven to exist | document author
- The majority of politicians have displayed skeptical and ironic attitudes regarding the UFO question | document author
- "anthropocentric humanism" | American philosophers
- "To admit that intelligent [beings], which are not only outside [our planet] but are also superior due to their scientific and technological knowledge, could have interfered or might continue to interfere in our affairs, in our domain, or in proximity to it, is considered by many to be frightening and unacceptable, because admitting it would cause the collapse of the framework of comfortable thoughts of anthropocentric humanism." | document author
- "Our own concepts could literally appear infantile, which would completely demobilize the researchers who employ them." | document author
Page 79
View PDF ↗- 1955 | General MacArthur conversation with mayor of Naples regarding UFO problem
- 1962 | General MacArthur's address at West Point Military Academy
- 1985 | Summit conference where General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev revealed Reagan's statement
- 1987-09-21 | President Reagan's speech before the 42nd General Assembly of the United Nations
- General Douglas MacArthur | military leader | USA | author of statements about extraterrestrial threat
- President Ronald Reagan | political leader | USA | author of statements about extraterrestrial threat
- Achille Lauro | mayor | Naples, Italy | conversation partner with MacArthur in 1955
- General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev | political leader | Soviet Union | revealed Reagan's statement about joining forces against extraterrestrial invasion
- President Jimmy Carter | political leader | USA | implied to accept UFO phenomenon
- General MacArthur warned of potential conflict between human race and extraterrestrial forces | General MacArthur
- Political leaders risk ridicule from media and commentators if they openly interest themselves in UFOs | document author
- U.S. citizens' acceptance of extraterrestrial UFOs is significant but political leaders may hesitate to fund research | document author
- Armed forces have denied UFO threat for fifty years without confirming non-existence | document author
- Disturbing sightings include visits above secret installations, missile bases, electromagnetic effects, and aircraft shadowing | document author
- Faced with impossibility of countering the threat, authorities may have affirmed non-existence | document author
- Potential threat can appear overwhelming despite absence of direct attack or actual threat history | document author
- "You now face a new world, a world of change. The thrust into outer space... marks a beginning of another epoch in the long story of mankind... We deal now, not with things of this world alone, but with the illimitable distances and as yet unfathomed mysteries of the universe... of ultimate conflict between a united human race and the sinister force of some other planetary galaxy." | General MacArthur, 1962 address at West Point
- "In our obsession with the antagonisms of the moment, we often forget how much unites all the members of humanity. Perhaps we need some outside, universal threat to make us recognize this common bond. I occasionally think how quickly our differences worldwide would vanish if we were facing an alien threat from outside this world." | President Reagan, September 21, 1987 speech to United Nations
- "They come from the stars, 'their' craft watch us and seem to taunt us, 'they' have perhaps been on earth for thousands of years, and we don't know 'their' intentions. 'Their' science and 'their' technology, thus 'their' power, are incomparably superior to" | document author
Page 80
View PDF ↗- U.S. Army | military | confronted with UFO phenomenon since World War II
- Pentagon | military | has interest in concealing UFO research
- Revealing extraterrestrial threat openly would be difficult for the only superpower in the world | document author
- U.S. armed forces may already possess formal proof of extraterrestrial threat in form of crashed ships | document author (hypothesis)
- Intensive research on foreign technologies should have commenced under highest secrecy | document author (hypothesis)
- Revealing threat too quickly risks social upheavals, panic, demobilization, growth of millenialist sects, and religious fundamentalism | document author
- Loss of trust in leaders could lead to their rapid ousting | document author
- Leaders' normal reaction would be to continue denials while working in secret | document author
- U.S. Army designed aircraft exhibiting characteristics described by reliable witnesses | document author
- Potential technological spillovers from UFO study include propulsion, materials, structures, stealth technology, and weapons | document author
- Pentagon has greatest interest in concealing UFO research to maintain supremacy over terrestrial adversaries and capacity against space-based threats | document author
- "Without being completely disarmed, and even taking into account the enormous resources that we have on the earth and our obvious ability to learn quickly, we can only feel anxious in the face of 'their' presence." | document author
- "Bringing this out into the open by calling for the manpower and funds to conduct the necessary research is hard to visualize officially for the only superpower in the world." | document author
- "Indeed, revealing a situation as novel as it is upsetting too quickly would perhaps be running the risk of social upheavals, accompanied by panic, a demobilization of energies, a multiplication of millenialist sects, and a massive move of people to take refuge in religious fundamentalisms." | document author
- "The loss of trust in the leaders in power could even lead rapidly to their ousting." | document author
- "Given such a problem, their normal reactions would obviously be to gain as much time as possible by continuing their denials, all the while continuing work in secret and fervently hoping that their successors will take on the responsibility when the reality becomes manifest." | document author
Page 81
View PDF ↗- U.S. military leaders cannot divulge sources and goals of UFO research without pointing rivals toward beneficial research avenues | document author
- Cover-ups and disinformation (active and passive) remain absolute necessity under secrecy hypothesis | document author
- Secrecy must be maintained as long as possible in minds of U.S. military leaders | document author
- Only increasing public opinion pressure, independent research results, calculated disclosures, or sudden UFO manifestations may induce U.S. leaders to change stance | document author
- Point of forced disclosure has not yet been reached | document author
- AFB (Air Force Base) | military
- EMAA (French Air Force Chief of Staff) | military
- AFOSI (Air Force Office of Special Investigation) | military
- ENAC (National Civil Aviation School) | French educational
- AIAA (American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics) | professional association
- ESO (European Southern Observatory) | research organization
- ALAT (Army Air Corps) | French military
- ETCA (Central Technical Armaments Institution) | French military
- FOIA (Freedom of Information Act) | U.S. legislation
- Blue Book | U.S. Air Force UFO study
- FUFOR (Fund for UFO Research) | research organization
- CCD (Charge-coupled device cameras) | technology
- GAO (General Accounting Office) | U.S. government
- CCOA (Air Operations Center) | French military
- GEPA (Aerospace Phenomena Study Group) | French research
- CDC (Control and Detection Center) | French military
- GEPAN (Unidentified Aerospace Phenomena Study Group) | French research
- CEA (Atomic Energy Commission) | French government
- IHEDN (Institute for Advanced National Defense Studies) | French research
- CEAT (Toulouse Aeronautic Test Center) | French research
- INRA (National Institute for Agronomic Research) | French research
- CFR (Council for Foreign Relations) | U.S. organization
- JANAP (Joint Army Navy Air Force Publication) | U.S. military
- CHEAR (Center for Advanced Armament Studies) | French research
- MEGASETI (expansion of SETI) | research program
- CHEM (Center for Advanced Military Studies) | French research
- MHD (MagnetoHydroDynamics) | science/technology
- CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) | U.S. government
- MOD (Ministry of Defence) | British government
- CID (Interarmy Defense College) | French military
- MUFON (Mutual UFO Network) | civilian organization
- CIRVIS (Communications Instructions for Reporting Vital Intelligence Sightings) | military reporting system
- NASA (National Aeronautic and Space Administration) | U.S. government
- "Within this context, it is impossible for them to divulge the sources of this research and the goals pursued, because that could immediately point any possible rivals down the most beneficial avenues." | document author
- "Cover-ups and disinformation (both active as well as passive) would still remain, under this hypothesis, an absolute necessity." | document author
- "Thus it would appear natural that in the minds of U.S. military leaders, secrecy must be maintained as long as possible." | document author
- "Only increasing pressure from public opinion, possibly supported by the results of independent researchers, by more or less calculated disclosures, or by a sudden rise in UFO manifestations, might perhaps induce U.S. leaders and persons of authority to change their stance." | document author
Page 82
View PDF ↗- CNES (National Center for Space Studies) | French government space agency
- NORAD (North American Air Defense) | military command
- CNRS (National Center for Scientific Research) | French government research
- NSC (National Security Council) | U.S. government
- CODA (Air Defense Operations Center) | French military
- ONERA (National Aerospace Study and Research Office) | French research
- RAF (Royal Air Force) | British military
- CRNA (Regional Air Navigation Center) | French aviation
- SEPRA (Atmospheric Reentry Phenomena Assessment Department) | French military
- CUFOS (Center for UFO Research) | civilian research organization
- SETI (Search for ExtraTerrestrial Intelligence) | scientific research
- DGA (General Delegation for Armaments) | French military
- SIRPA (Armed Forces Information and Public Relations Department) | French military
- DGAC (Civil Aviation Directorate) | French government
- SPOC (Sky Observation Probe System) | French military
- DIA (Defense Intelligence Agency) | U.S. military
- STRIDA (Air Defense Information Processing Center) | French military
- DICOD (Defense Communications Directorate) | French military
- DoD (Department of Defense) | U.S. government
- DoE (Department of Energy) | U.S. government
- EBE (Extraterrestrial Biological Entity) | hypothetical entity
- COMETA (Committee for In-Depth Studies) | French committee composed of former auditors of Institut des Hautes Etudes de Defense Nationale and qualified experts
- Institut des Hautes Etudes de Defense Nationale (French Institute for Advanced National Defense Studies) | French research institution
- Since 1947, the UFO subject has disturbed, fascinated, and called out to humanity | document author
- The question has been studied with extreme meticulousness from multiple points of view | document author
- Men in very high positions have agreed to write the COMETA report | document author
- Sufficient questions of national interest are raised to warrant providing information to Chief of State and Prime Minister | document author
- COMETA studied several unexplained French and foreign UFO cases | document author
- Sightings are often supported by traces on ground or radar-confirmed tracks | document author
- Some cases may involve secret terrestrial craft | document author
- Hypothesis of nonterrestrial origin craft cannot be ruled out | document author
- If nonterrestrial origin were proven correct, it would have significant consequences for Defense | document author
- "Since 1947, the subject has disturbed, fascinated, called out." | document author
- "Oh how debated, the question has been studied with extreme meticulousness and from many points of view (scientific, technical, aeronautical, strategic, political, religious, media) by a French committee composed of former auditors of the very serious-minded Institut des Hautes Etudes de Defense Nationale and qualified experts from every background, COMETA [Committee for In-Depth Studies]." | document author
- "For the first time, men, some of whom occupy very high positions, have agreed to write a report devoted entirely to the UFO problem in the belief that based on the knowledge that has been acquired to date, sufficient questions of national interest are raised for the Chief of State and the Prime Minister to be provided with this information." | document author
- "In this report, COMETA studies several unexplained French and foreign UFO cases. Very well documented, these sightings are often supported by traces on the ground or tracks confirmed by radar. Are these secret terrestrial craft? In some cases, perhaps. Are we in the presence of craft of nonterrestrial origin? This hypothesis cannot be ruled out. If it were to prove correct, it would be loaded with consequences for Defense." | document author
Page 83
View PDF ↗- 1947-09-23 | Letter from General Twining to Commanding General, Army Air Forces
- 1956 | UFO case at Lakenheath, England
- 1957-07-17 | UFO encounter in South-Central U.S. involving RB-47 aircraft
- 1969-01 | Condon Report publication date
- 1970-03-04 | Flying Saucer Review article on Lakenheath
- 1971-07 | Astronautics and Aeronautics publication on RB-47 case
- 1971-09 | Astronautics and Aeronautics publication on Lakenheath case
- 1974-03 | Revue du Gepa article on Lakenheath
- 1974-12 | Philip J. Klass book publication
- 1976-09 | Vintage Books publication of Klass work
- 1977 | Prometheus Books publication on Iran cases
- 1979 | Hynek report publication
- 1984 | Fawcett and Greenwood book publication
- 1990-04-19 | Rabochaya Tribuna article on UFO air defense radars
- 1991 | KGB dossier publication on Russian missile base case
- 1993 | Jean-Claude Bourret and Jean-Jacques Velasco publication
- 1993-03 | Aura Z. magazine issue
- 1994 | Fawcett and Greenwood Briefing Document publication
- 1995 | Chourinov publication on UFOs in Russia
- 1996 | Dominique Weinstein MUFON report
- 1997 | Brad Sparks RB-47 case analysis
- 1979/81/82 | Various Gepan inquiries
- Edward U. Condon | physicist | University of Colorado | author of Condon Report
- Daniel S. Gilmor | author/researcher | co-author of Condon Report
- James E. Mac Donald | researcher | author of UFO case studies
- Gordon D. Thayler | researcher | AIAA UFO subcommittee member
- Philip J. Klass | researcher/author | wrote on UFO cases
- J. Allen Hynek | astronomer | author of UFO report
- Brad Sparks | researcher | analyzed RB-47 electronic intelligence case
- Lawrence Fawcett | author | co-author of UFO government coverup book
- Barry J. Greenwood | author | co-author of UFO government coverup book
- Don Berliner | editor/compiler | cited in FBIS and Briefing Document
- Marie Galbraith | editor/compiler | cited in Briefing Document
- Antonio Huneeus | editor/compiler | cited in Briefing Document
- Boris Chourinov | author | published on UFOs in Russia
- Jean-Claude Bourret | author | published on UFO science
- Jean-Jacques Velasco | author | published on UFO science
- Dominique Weinstein | author | published on aerial encounters
- General Twining | military official | USA | author of 1947 letter
- Condon Report | scientific study commissioned by USAF
- Gepa (Groupement d'étude de phénomènes aériens) | French research organization
- AIAA (American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics) | professional association
- Bantam Books | publisher
- Random House | publisher
- Vintage Books | publisher
- Belford | publisher
- Prometheous Books | publisher
- Prentice Hall | publisher
- U.S. Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS) | intelligence service
- Rabochaya Tribuna | Soviet publication
- KGB | Soviet security agency
- Aura Z. | Soviet magazine
- MUFON (Mutual UFO Network) | civilian organization
- Gepan | French research organization conducting inquiries
- Robert Laffont | publisher
- Guy Trédaniel | publisher
- Lakenheath radar/visual case (GB) - radar and visual UFO sighting August 13-14, 1956
- RB-47 aircraft case - Air Force observations of unidentified object in South-Central U.S., July 17, 1957
- Iran UFO cases - multiple sightings over Iran
- Russian air defense cases - UFO detections on Soviet radar systems
- Russian missile base case - multiple witness case at Soviet missile base
- Trans-en-Provence case - physical trace case analyzed by Gepan
- L'Amarante case - analyzed by Gepan
- Various Gepan technical and information notes numbered 1-18 covering statistical analyses, methodology, and specific cases
Page 84
View PDF ↗- 1979-07 | La Recherche publication on unidentified aerospace phenomena in USSR
- 1983 | Jean-Pierre Petit publication on MHD propulsion
- 1988 | Techniques avancées publication on aircraft propulsion
- 1988-03-21 | Aviation Week and Space Technology article on antimatter propellants
- 1989 | Starflight Handbook publication
- 1990 | La vie extraterrestre publication (out of print)
- 1993 | Timothy Good publication on secret UFO programs
- 1995-12 | Unidentified Flying Objects Briefing Document publication
- 1996 | New Scientist article on shock wave propulsion
- 1996-06-10 | Jane's Defense Weekly article on antigravity propulsion
- 1997 | Multiple publications on Roswell and UFO programs
- Jean-Pierre Petit | physicist/author | France | propulsion research
- Jean-Claude Bourret | author | France | UFO science research
- Guy Monnet | co-author | France | extraterrestrial life research
- Jean-Jacques Velasco | author | France | UFO science research
- Mike Ross | journalist | New Scientist | propulsion article author
- Nick Cook | journalist | Jane's Defense Weekly | antigravity propulsion article
- Eugene Mallowe | author | starflight propulsion
- Gregory Matloff | author | starflight propulsion
- Robert L Forward | author | space propulsion
- Joel Davis | co-author | space propulsion
- W. B. Scott | writer | Edwards Air Force Base correspondent
- James Mc Campbell | researcher | MUFON proceedings contributor
- Keith Florig | author | military technology article
- Lawrence Fawcett | author | UFO government coverup
- Barry Greenwood | author | UFO government coverup
- Don Berliner | editor | UFO Briefing Document
- Marie Galbraith | editor | UFO Briefing Document
- Antonio Huneeus | editor | UFO Briefing Document
- Col. Philip J. Corso (ret) | military officer (retired) | Roswell research
- Nick Pope | author | British UFO researcher
- Timothy Good | author | UFO secrecy research
- V. Migouline | author | USSR aerospace phenomena research
- Arnold Toynbee | historian | Civilization at trial author
- Peter Lawrence | anthropologist | Cargo cult research
- G. Pauthier | historian | Oriental sacred texts author
- Ecole nationale supérieure des techniques avancées | French technical school
- John Wiley & sons | publisher
- Jane's Defense Weekly | defense publication
- Aviation Week and Space Technology | aviation publication
- New Scientist | science publication
- IEE Spectrum | electrical engineering publication
- MUFON | Mutual UFO Network
- Headquarters United States Air Force | U.S. military
- Harper Collins | publisher
- Sidgwick and Jackson Ltd | publisher
- Gallimard | French publisher
- Ed. Ber International | publisher
- Ed. Les Belles Lettres | publisher
- Ed. Au Bureau du Panthéon Littéraire | publisher
- La Bible, Livre d'Ézéchiel, 14-14 et 15-28 | biblical reference
- L'épopée de Gilgamesh | ancient Mesopotamian text
- La Bible, Livre de la Genèse, VI 1-4 | biblical account of divine beings and human women
- Livre des secrets d'Hénoch (Book of Enoch) | biblical apocrypha VI 1-2, VI 6, VII 1-2, VIII 1-3, X 10
- Livre des Jubilés V 1-5 | biblical apocrypha
- Le Chou-King ou le Livre Sacré | Oriental sacred texts
- Works of Hésiode, Homère, Virgile, Pline, Hérodote, Plutarque | classical Greek and Roman authors referencing gods and giants
- Memnon colossus | Egyptian monument
- Karnak monuments | Egyptian sites
- Hermoncthis monuments | Egyptian site
- Abou-Simbel monuments | Egyptian site
- Sphinx of Giza | Egyptian monument
- Easter Island colossi | archaeological site
- Bamiyan giants | Afghan monuments
- Nineveh and Khorsabad giants | Mesopotamian sites
- Arimthursars of Scandinavian Eddas | Norse mythology references
- Skrymer giant | Norse mythology
- MHD propulsion technology has been subject of research by multiple scientists | document author
- Antimatter propellants could be in use by early 21st century according to USAF predictions | W. B. Scott
- Future battlefield technology includes high-energy weapons with gigawatt capabilities | Keith Florig
- Ancient religious texts reference divine beings interacting with humans and teaching advanced knowledge | document author
- "[...] Lorsque les grands dieux criaient les hommes, car la mort qu'ils leur destinaient et ils ont gardé pour eux la vie éternelle [...]" | Abed Azrié citing Gilgamesh
- "Lonque les hommes firent commence ast multiplier sur la face de la terre, et que des filles leur firent nés [...], les fils de Dieu, virent que les filles des hommes étaient belles, et ils m prirent pour femmes parmi toutes et celles qu'ils choisirent." | La Bible, Livre de la Genèse
- "Il arriva que lorsque les humains si firent multipliés, il leur naquit des filès fraichès et Jolies. Les angres, fils du ciel, les regardèrent et les désirèrent." | Livre des secrets d'Hénoch
Page 85
View PDF ↗- 1947 | Roswell crash near New Mexico
- 1953-01-14 to 1953-01-18 | Robertson Panel meetings on UFOs
- 1972 | The UFO Experience publication
- 1974 | UFO report publication by Hynek
- 1976 | SOBEPS publication on UFO sightings
- 1978 | O'Neill publication on space colonies
- 1980 | William Moore Roswell Incident publication
- 1981 | France Empire French translation of Roswell
- 1984-12 | La Recherche article on Antarctica discovery
- 1986 | Multiple space frontier publications
- 1989-05-23 | Milton William Cooper MJ-12 publication
- 1990 | Jerome Clark UFO encyclopedia publication
- 1991 | Kevin D. Randle UFO crash at Roswell publication
- 1992 | Channel Four video documentary on Roswell crash
- 1994 | Multiple Roswell analysis publications
- 1995-07 | United States General Accounting Office Roswell records report
- 1995 | CUFOS/FUFOR/MUFON UFO Briefing Document publication
- Graham Greene | author | "A Quiet American"
- Brad Steiger | researcher | Project Grudge Hynek interviews
- Allen J. Hynek | astronomer | UFO research
- Peter A. Sturrock | physicist | Stanford University plasma research
- J.-C. Ribes | co-author | La vie extraterrestre
- G. Monnet | co-author | La vie extraterrestre
- O'Neill | author | space colonies
- Andrée Lebeau | author | space in a changing world
- Paine et al. | National Commission on Space | pioneering space frontier
- Thierry Gaudin | co-author | 2100, new vision for future
- Jean-Claude Bourret | author | UFO science
- Jean-Jacques Velasco | author | UFO science
- William Moore | author | Roswell Incident
- Kevin D. Randle | author | Multiple Roswell publications
- Karl Pflock | author | Roswell in Perspective
- Richard L. Weaver | Col. USAF | Air Force Roswell research report
- Steven H. Schiff | U.S. Representative | House of Representatives
- Channel Four | British television | Roswell documentary
- Milton William Cooper | author | MJ-12 secret government publication
- Jerome Clark | author | UFO encyclopedia
- Don Berliner | author | UFO Briefing Document
- Marie Galbraith | author | UFO Briefing Document
- Antonio Huneeus | author | UFO Briefing Document
- Michel Bongard | author | UFO sightings publication
- Charles Hapgood | author | Maps of Ancient Sea Kings
- G. Pauthier | author | Manuva Dharma-Sastra (Laws of Manu)
- La Recherche | French science publication
- G.P. Putman & sons | USA publisher
- Avon Books | USA publisher
- Evans | USA publisher
- Global Comm. | USA publisher
- Fund for UFO Research Inc | Washington DC
- United States General Accounting Office | U.S. government
- House of Representatives | U.S. government
- Channel Four | British television company
- Belfond | French publisher
- France Empire | French publisher
- Ed. du Rocher | Monaco publisher
- Institute for Plasma Research | Stanford University
- Laffont | French publisher
- Odile Jacob | publisher
- Bantam Books | publisher
- Payot | publisher
- Fullerton CA | location
- Ed. Robert Laffont | Paris publisher
- Editions SOBEPS | publisher
- CUFOS | Center for UFO Research
- FUFOR | Fund for UFO Research
- MUFON | Mutual UFO Network
- National Commission on Space | U.S. government commission
- Omnigraphics Inc. | Detroit publisher
- Manava Dharma-Sastra (Laws of Manu) | ancient Sanskrit text referencing divine beings and ancient navigation
- La Recherche article on Antarctica discovery | 1984
- Charles Hapgood "Les cartes des anciens rois des mers" | ancient maps research
- Book of Enoch passages X 2, X 7, XII 6 | biblical apocrypha on divine beings
- Book of Jubilees V 6-11, VII 20-25 | biblical apocrypha on Nephilim giants
- Graham Greene "A Quiet American" | fiction
- Project Grudge | USAF UFO study program
- Robertson Panel | Scientific Advisory Panel on UFOs 1953
- Roswell Incident | 1947 crash near Roswell, New Mexico
- Multiple scholarly and scientific sources document UFO phenomenon across cultures and centuries | document author
- Ancient texts reference contact with advanced beings teaching technology | document author
- Roswell incident has multiple documented accounts and government records | document author
- Disinformation campaigns have both reductionist and amplifying characteristics | document author
Page 86
View PDF ↗- Institut des Hautes Etudes de Défense Nationale (French Institute for Advanced National Defense Studies) | French research institution
- COMETA (Committee for In-Depth Studies) | French committee composed of former auditors and qualified experts
- Since 1947, the UFO subject has disturbed, fascinated, and called out to humanity | document author
- The question has been studied with extreme meticulousness from many points of view | document author
- Men in very high positions have agreed to write the COMETA report on UFOs | document author
- Sufficient questions of national interest are raised to warrant providing information to Chief of State and Prime Minister | document author
- COMETA studied several unexplained French and foreign UFO cases | document author
- Sightings are often supported by traces on ground or radar-confirmed tracks | document author
- Some cases may involve secret terrestrial craft | document author
- The hypothesis of nonterrestrial origin craft cannot be ruled out | document author
- If nonterrestrial origin were proven correct, it would have significant consequences for Defense | document author
- "UFO, Unidentified Flying Object..." | document title
- "Since 1947, the subject has disturbed, fascinated, called out." | document author
- "Oh how debated, the question has been studied with extreme meticulousness and from many points of view (scientific, technical, aeronautical, strategic, political, religious, media) by a French committee composed of former auditors of the very serious-minded Institut des Hautes Etudes de Défense Nationale [French Institute for Advanced National Defense Studies] and qualified experts from every background, COMETA [Committee for In-Depth Studies]." | document author
- "For the first time, men, some of whom occupy very high positions, have agreed to write a report devoted entirely to the UFO problem in the belief that based on the knowledge that has been acquired to date, sufficient questions of national interest are raised for the Chief of State and the Prime Minister to be provided with this information." | document author
- "In this report, COMETA studies several unexplained French and foreign UFO cases. Very well documented, these sightings are often supported by traces on the ground or tracks confirmed by radar. Are these secret terrestrial craft? In some cases, perhaps. Are we in the presence of craft of nonterrestrial origin? This hypothesis cannot be ruled out. If it were to prove correct, it would be loaded with consequences for Defense." | document author
Page 87
View PDF ↗- 1944 | Beginning of UFO sightings
- 2000-04 | Release of satellite images of Area 51
- 2000-06-17 | Publication date of Irish Independent article
- Leslie Kean | journalist | author of the article
- David Mountain | marketing director | Aerial Images, Inc
- French military officials | military leaders | France | conducted three-year UFO study
- Retired generals | military | France | members of Institute of Higher Studies for National Defense
- Area 51 | Air Force test site | Nevada, USA
- Aerial Images, Inc | imagery company | posted satellite photos on Internet
- French Institute of Higher Studies for National Defense | government-funded strategic planning agency | France
- COMETA (implied) | French military committee | conducted UFO study
- Air Forces | various countries | provided data on sightings
- Irish Independent | newspaper | publication
- UFOs were once preserve of the purely paranoid but are now being taken seriously | Leslie Kean
- Astronauts, generals, and influential scientists are challenging international skepticism | Leslie Kean
- French military study concluded numerous manifestations observed by reliable witnesses could be work of craft of extraterrestrial origin | document author
- The extraterrestrial hypothesis is the best explanation for some sightings | French military study
- Strong presumptions exist in favor of extraterrestrial hypothesis | French military study
- If extraterrestrial hypothesis is correct, it is loaded with significant consequences | French military study
- Nearly 500 detailed international aeronautical sightings and radar/visual cases were examined | French military study
- About 5 percent of sightings with solid documentation cannot be easily attributed to earthly sources | French military study
- Unexplained objects have been reported since 1944 | French military study
- Rest seem to be completely unknown flying machines with exceptional performances guided by natural or artificial intelligence | French military study
- Science has developed plausible models for travel from another solar system | French military study
- UFOs have demonstrated no hostile acts | French military study
- Intimidation maneuvers have been confirmed | French military study
- Interest in Area 51 satellite images has been phenomenal | David Mountain
- Area 51 satellite images release April 2000 | why referenced: prompted website interest in UFO-related information
- French military report "UFOs and Defense: What Should We Prepare For?" | published in France by magazine VSD
- 500 detailed international aeronautical sightings and radar/visual cases | data examined by French military
- "UFO's once the preserve of the purely paranoid are now being taken seriously. Astronauts, Generals and a number of influential scientists are hammering away at the crust of international scepticism." | Leslie Kean
- "The interest has been really phenomenal" | David Mountain
- "numerous manifestations observed by reliable witnesses could be the work of craft of extraterrestrial origin" | French military
- "the extraterrestrial hypothesis" | French military, best explanation for some cases
- "strong presumptions exist in its favor and if it is correct, it is loaded with significant consequences" | French military
- "The number of sightings, which are completely unexplained despite the abundance and quality of data from them, is growing throughout the world" | French military team
- "about 5 percent of sightings on which there is solid documentation cannot be easily attributed to earthly sources, such as secret military exercises - especially since unexplained objects have been reported since 1944" | French military
- "The rest seem to be completely unknown flying machines with exceptional performances that are guided by a natural or artificial intelligence" | French military
- "Science has developed plausible models for travel from another solar system and for technology which could be used to propel the vehicles" | report
- "It assures readers that UFOs have demonstrated no hostile acts, although intimidation maneuvers have been confirmed" | Leslie Kean
Page 88
View PDF ↗- General Bernard Norlain | four-star general | French Tactical Air Force | former commander and military counselor to prime minister
- General Denis Leuy | general | air force fighter pilot | France
- Andre Lebeau | former head | National Center for Space Studies | France (French equivalent of NASA)
- Admiral Marc Merlo | three-star admiral | France | national chief of police
- Denis Blancher | national chief of police | France | COMETA contributor
- Jean-Jacques Velasco | head of government agency | France | studying UFOs
- Scientists and weapons engineers | contributors | COMETA committee
- French Tactical Air Force | military branch | France
- National Center for Space Studies | French space agency | equivalent of NASA
- COMETA (Committee for In-depth Studies) | 12-member committee | France | authored UFO report
- European Union | international political organization | recommended to undertake diplomatic action
- United States | federal government | recommended target for diplomatic pressure
- The study's originators have high military and scientific credentials | article author
- The group stands by its findings | article author
- The group is urging international action on UFOs | article author
- UFOs are a crucial issue that must fall within scope of international cooperation | French military study
- France should establish sectorial cooperation agreements with European and foreign countries | COMETA recommendation
- European Union should exert pressure on United States to clarify UFO issue | COMETA recommendation
- "UFOs, many will quickly dismiss the generals' ET hypothesis. But it is less easy to do so once the authors' credentials are considered." | article author
- "Not only does the group stand by its findings, it is urging international action." | article author
- "The writers recommend that France establish 'sectorial cooperation agreements with interested European and foreign countries' on the matter of UFOs." | article author
- "They suggest that the European Union undertake diplomatic action with the United States 'exerting useful pressure to clarify this crucial issue which must fall within the scope of'" | article author (recommendation cut off)
Page 89
View PDF ↗- 1960 | US Representative Leonard G. Wolf entered urgent warning into Congressional Record
- 1971 | Agreement on Measures to Reduce the Outbreak of Nuclear War between US and Soviet Union ratified
- 1976 | Iranian Air Force planes attempted to shoot down unexplained objects
- 1980 | Peruvian Air Force planes attempted to shoot down unexplained objects
- 1990 | Belgian F-16s equipped with automatically guided missiles pursued UFOs
- 1995 | President Clinton received UFO briefing materials from Laurence Rockefeller
- 1997-03 | Arizona sightings of huge triangular objects reported
- 2000-01-05 | Four policemen in St. Claire County, Illinois witnessed triangular craft
- 2000-06-17 | Publication date of article
- Dr. Edgar Mitchell | Apollo 14 astronaut | sixth man to walk on the moon | UFO investigation supporter
- Admiral Lord Hill-Norton | five-star admiral | former head of British Ministry of Defense | calls for US congressional hearings
- US Naval Reserve Commander Willard H. Miller | officer | participated in briefings for Pentagon on military UFO policy
- R.E. Hillenkoeller | former CIA Director | Navy vice admiral | issued urgent warning about UFO dangers
- General L.M. Chassin | NATO coordinator of Allied Air Service | warned of UFO recognition dangers
- US Representative Leonard G. Wolf | congressman | Iowa | entered urgent warning into Congressional Record
- Laurence Rockefeller | philanthropist | provided UFO briefing to President Clinton
- President Clinton | political leader | USA | received UFO briefing materials
- Hillary Clinton | spouse of President Clinton | USA | received UFO briefing
- Jack Gibbons | Presidential science advisor | USA | received UFO briefing
- Webster Hubbell | Associate Attorney General | Justice Department | instructed to investigate UFOs
- Chief of Chilean Air Force | military leader | Chile | formed committee on UFO air safety
- Senator John McCain | US Senator | Arizona | noted March 1997 sightings never fully explained
- Four policemen | law enforcement | St. Claire County, Illinois | witnessed triangular craft January 5, 2000
- Leslie Kean | journalist | article author
- North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) | military command | US
- US Air Force | military branch | USA
- Iranian Air Force | military branch | Iran
- Peruvian Air Force | military branch | Peru
- Belgian Air Force | military branch | Belgium
- Pentagon | US military headquarters | USA
- Air Force | US military branch | USA
- Army | US military branch | USA
- Navy | US military branch | USA
- NASA | space agency | USA
- Joint Interagency Operations | US Defense Department | USA
- Defense Intelligence Agency | military intelligence | USA
- Joint Staff | military organization | USA
- US Atlantic Command | military command | Norfolk, Virginia | USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology | educational institution | MIT | credentialing reference
- Presidential Medal of Freedom | award | USA
- NASA Distinguished Service Medal | award | USA
- USN Distinguished Service Medal | award | USA
- US Naval Reserve | military branch | USA
- Joint Army Navy Air Force Publication 146 | military communications regulations | USA
- Congressional Record | US legislative documentation | USA
- British Ministry of Defense | government department | United Kingdom
- Chilean Air Force | military branch | Chile
- Scott Air Force Base | military installation | St. Claire County, Illinois, USA
- FAA Airport | civil aviation | USA
- French Institute of Higher Studies for National Defense | research institution | France
- National Center for Space Studies | government agency | France
- Declassified US government documents show unexplained objects with extraordinary technical capabilities pose military challenges | Leslie Kean
- US fighter jets have been scrambled to pursue UFOs according to NORAD logs | Leslie Kean
- Multiple international military encounters with unexplained objects documented | Leslie Kean
- Dr. Edgar Mitchell has confidence level above 90 percent that UFOs are real | Dr. Edgar Mitchell
- Files are quite convincing but lack official government stamp | Dr. Edgar Mitchell
- Admiral Hill-Norton calls for US congressional fact-finding hearings | Admiral Hill-Norton
- Commander Willard Miller worries military lack of preparation could provoke dangerous confrontation | Willard Miller
- There are those in high places in government with growing interest in UFO subject | Willard Miller
- No evidence of hostility from UFOs, only threat is continued denial | Willard Miller, COMETA
- Only threat is Federal Government's weak explanations and denial of UFO occurrences | Willard Miller
- Air Force Regulation 200-2 prohibits release of unexplainable UFO data to public | regulation text
- Missouri ballot initiative urges Congress to convene hearings | ballot initiative
- Federal Government's UFO handling contributed to public cynicism and mistrust | ballot initiative
- President Clinton had difficulty accessing UFO information despite instructions to investigate | Webster Hubbell
- Chile is openly addressing air safety concerns related to UFO near collisions | Leslie Kean
- March 1997 Arizona sightings of triangular objects never fully explained | Senator John McCain
- French Institute ahead of US military and NASA in UFO analysis | Leslie Kean
- North American Aerospace Defense Command logs | military operations records
- US Air Force documents | declassified records
- 1976 Iranian Air Force incident | military encounter
- 1980 Peruvian Air Force incident | military encounter
- 1990 Belgian F-16 incident | military encounter
- Air Force Regulation 200-2, "Unidentified Flying Objects Reporting" | regulation
- Joint Army Navy Air Force Publication 146 | communications regulations
- Espionage Act | US law
- 1971 "Agreement on Measures to Reduce the Outbreak of Nuclear War" | US-Soviet treaty
- Webster Hubbell book "Friends in High Places" | source on Clinton UFO inquiry
- March 1997 Arizona sightings | unexplained phenomenon
- January 5, 2000 St. Claire County, Illinois sightings | recent incident
- "It's significant that individuals of some standing in the government, military and intelligence community in France came forth with this." | Dr. Edgar Mitchell
- "at a confidence level above 90pc, that there is reality to all of this" | Dr. Edgar Mitchell
- "People have been digging through the files and investigating for years now. The files are quite convincing. The only thing that's lacking is the official stamp." | Dr. Edgar Mitchell
- "precipitous military decisions... may lead to unnecessary confusion, misapplication of forces, or possible catastrophic consequences." | Commander Willard Miller
- "There are those in high places in the government who share a growing interest in this subject." | Commander Willard Miller
- "The only threat to the national security of the United States is the continued denial of undeniable physical UFO occurrences and sightings to a public growing increasingly frustrated with its government's weak explanations." | Commander Willard Miller
- "If we persist in refusing to recognize the existence of the UFOs, we will end up, one fine day, by mistaking them for the guided missiles of an enemy - and the worst will be upon us." | General L.M. Chassin (as cited by R.E. Hillenkoeller)
- "never been fully explained" | Senator John McCain, on 1997 Arizona sightings
- "stripping the phenomenon of UFOs of its irrational layer" | COMETA goal
Page 90
View PDF ↗- 1940s | Early UFO reports by pilots and crews
- 1950s | Pilots reported flying discs and cigar-shaped craft with extraordinary technical capabilities
- 1952 | Air Force Status Report on UFOs for Air Technical Intelligence Center
- 1958 | Newark Star Ledger report on over 60 commercial pilots blasting censorship policy
- 1981 | TWA Captain Phil Schultz encounter over Lake Michigan with large round silver metal object
- 1986 | Japan Airlines 747 Captain Kenju Terauchi encounter over Alaska
- 1994 | Air France viewing of UAP instantaneously disappeared, confirmed by radar
- 1995 | Aerolineas Argentinas Boeing 727 encounter with luminous object
- 1997 | Swissair Boeing 747 near miss with glowing cylindrical object over Long Island
- 1997 | Chilean government formed Committee for Study of Anomalous Aerial Phenomena (CEFAA)
- 2000-01 | Siberian airport shut for 1.5 hours due to luminescent UFO
- 2000-10 | October study by retired NASA aerospace scientist Richard F. Haines published
- 2001-05-03 | National Press Club briefing by government and military witnesses
- Richard F. Haines | retired aerospace scientist | NASA-Ames Research Center | author of aviation safety study
- TWA Captain Phil Schultz | pilot | TWA | witnessed large round silver metal object in 1981
- Japan Airlines 747 Captain Kenju Terauchi | veteran pilot | Japan Airlines | reported prolonged encounter over Alaska 1986
- Philip Bobet | pilot | Swissair | reported near miss in 1997
- Jim McClenahan | recently retired FAA air-traffic control specialist | NARCAP technical adviser
- John Callahan | former division chief | Accidents and Investigations Branch, FAA | will disclose FAA documentation
- Retired United Airlines Captain Neil Daniels | pilot | United Airlines | DC-10 magnetic interference incident
- Leslie Kean | journalist and author | San Francisco Bay area
- Brian E. Smith | current head | Aviation Safety Program, NASA-Ames
- General Ricardo Bermudez Sanhuesaa | president | Chilean CEFAA
- Air Force General Denis Letty | chairman | French UFO study group
- Federal Aviation Administration | government agency | USA
- NASA-Ames Research Center | research institution | USA
- National Aviation Reporting Center on Anomalous Phenomena (NARCAP) | research organization founded last year
- Raytheon | defense contractor | USA
- Space Human Factors Office | NASA division
- TWA | airline | USA
- Japan Airlines | airline | Japan
- Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) | government agency | USA
- Joint Chiefs of Staff | military command | USA
- Air Force | US military branch | USA
- Newark Star Ledger | newspaper | USA
- Air Technical Intelligence Center | military organization | USA
- Swissair | airline | Switzerland
- FAA Civil Aviation Security Office | government office | USA
- French Institute of Higher Studies for National Defense | government agency | France
- National Center for Space Studies | French government agency
- Committee for the Study of Anomalous Aerial Phenomena (CEFAA) | Chilean government committee | Chile
- Airline Pilots Association | union | USA
- Flight Safety Foundation | aviation safety organization
- National Press Club | media organization | USA | location of May 3, 2001 briefing
- The Providence Journal | newspaper | publication source
- Similar incidents to Siberian airport shutdown have occurred in American skies over last 50 years | Leslie Kean
- More than 100 pilot and crew reports of UAP encounters documented | Haines study
- Encounters appear to have compromised aviation safety | Haines study
- Data include 56 near-misses | Haines study
- High degree of maneuverability shown by UAP prevents collision threat | Richard Haines
- Impulsive evasive reactions can injure passengers and flight attendants | Haines study
- Federal Aviation Administration determined Terauchi and crew were stable, competent, professional | FAA determination
- Terauchi was grounded for speaking out despite FAA assessment | Leslie Kean
- Surprise diverts attention of air-traffic controllers creating safety danger | Jim McClenahan
- Hundreds of reports suggest UAPs associated with high intelligence and advanced energy management | Richard Haines
- By 1950s, unexplained objects considered national security concern | Leslie Kean
- Joint Chiefs of Staff required commercial pilot sighting reports | military order
- Unauthorized UFO report release carried 10-year prison or $10,000 fine penalty | Leslie Kean
- Officials ridiculed and debunked legitimate sightings to keep information from public | Leslie Kean
- Over 60 commercial pilots with 15+ years experience blasted censorship and denials as ridiculous | Newark Star Ledger 1958
- Vast majority of American pilot sightings still not reported | Haines study
- Media perpetuate censorship and ridicule, handicapping data collection | Leslie Kean
- 1994 Air France encounter with UAP could not be explained | French study
- 1995 Aerolineas Argentinas encounter could not be explained | French study
- Aeronautic personnel must accept possibility of extraterrestrial craft in sky | French study recommendation
- Aeronautic personnel must overcome fear of ridicule | French study recommendation
- Haines study has international significance | General Bermudez, General Denis Letty
- Objective evidence exists in pilot reports of unexplained events affecting aircraft safety | Brian E. Smith, NASA
- Agence France Presse January report | Siberian airport incident
- "Aviation Safety in America - A Previously Neglected Factor" | October 2000 Haines study
- 1952 Air Force Status Report on UFOs | military documentation
- Newark Star Ledger 1958 | pilot testimony source
- 1994 Air France viewing incident | radar-confirmed case
- 1995 Aerolineas Argentinas encounter | case study
- French Institute of Higher Studies for National Defense study | international comparison
- Chilean government observations at remote airport | international example
- FAA documentation and CIA suppression of Terauchi encounter | May 3, 2001 Press Club briefing
- "Aviation Safety in America - A Previously Neglected Factor" | study title
- "Most unexpectedly, two space ships stopped in front of our face, shooting off lights. The inside cockpit shined brightly and I felt warm in the face." | Captain Kenju Terauchi
- "if the object was any lower, it may have hit the right wing" | Pilot Philip Bobet (FAA memorandum)
- "The element of surprise means a decrease in safety because it diverts the attention of air-traffic controllers that should be focused on landing planes. That is a danger." | Jim McClenahan
- "suggest that they [UAPs] are associated with a very high degree of intelligence, deliberate flight control, and advanced energy management" | Richard Haines
- "bordering on the absolutely ridiculous" | over 60 commercial pilots on censorship policy
- "Nuts to that. Who needs it?" | pilot on Air Force explanations
- "If a space ship flew wing-tip to wing-tip formation with me, I would not report it." | pilot to 1952 investigators
- "Aeronautic personnel must be sensitized and prepared to deal with the situation. They must first accept the possibility of the presence of extraterrestrial craft in our sky. Then, it is necessary to overcome the fear of ridicule." | French study report
- "The energies out there are absolutely profound. I think we need to know what they are." | Retired Captain Neil Daniels
Page 91
View PDF ↗- 1960 | US Representative Leonard G. Wolf entered urgent warning into Congressional Record
- 1966 | UFO sighting in Zanesville, Ohio involving barber
- 1967 | UFO sightings in Beaver, Pennsylvania and Detroit involving high school and teenage brothers
- 1971 | "Agreement on Measures to Reduce the Outbreak of Nuclear War" between US and Soviet Union | UFO notification protocol incorporated
- 1971 | Costa Rican mapping aircraft UFO sighting
- 1976 | Iranian Air Force attempted to shoot down unidentified craft
- 1980 | Peruvian Air Force attempted to shoot down unidentified craft
- 1990 | Belgian F-16s with missiles pursued UFO
- 1997-03 | Hundreds of people across Arizona reported seeing huge triangular objects
- 2000-01-06 | Four policemen in St. Claire County, Illinois witnessed triangular craft at 1,000 feet
- 2000-05-21 | Publication date of Boston Sunday Globe article
- Leslie Kean | journalist | author of article
- David Mountain | marketing director | Aerial Images Inc | Area 51 satellite imagery
- General Bernard Norlain | four-star general | French Tactical Air Force | former commander, military counselor to prime minister
- General Denis Letty | general | air force fighter pilot | France
- Andre Lebeau | former head | National Center for Space Studies | France (French NASA equivalent)
- Dr. Edgar Mitchell | Apollo 14 astronaut | sixth man to walk on the moon | UFO investigation supporter
- Admiral Lord Hill-Norton | five-star admiral | former head of British Ministry of Defense
- US Naval Reserve Commander Willard H. Miller | naval officer | participated in Pentagon UFO briefings
- R.E. Hillenkoetter | former CIA director | Navy vice admiral
- General L.M. Chassin | NATO coordinator of Allied Air Service
- US Representative Leonard G. Wolf | congressman | Iowa
- John E. Mack | professor of psychiatry | Harvard University | Pulitzer Prize-winning author
- US Senator John McCain | senator | Arizona
- Judge Stephen M. McNamee | US District Court Judge | Phoenix | presided over UFO sightings case
- Costa Rican mapping aircraft personnel | witnesses | 1971 sighting
- Area 51 | Air Force test site | Nevada, USA
- Aerial Images Inc | imagery company
- French Institute of Higher Studies for National Defense | government agency | France
- French Military | armed forces | France
- COMETA (Committee for In-depth Studies) | 12-member French committee
- National Center for Space Studies | French government space agency
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) | educational institution
- North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) | military defense
- US Air Force | military branch
- Iranian Air Force | military branch | Iran
- Peruvian Air Force | military branch | Peru
- Belgian Air Force | military branch | Belgium
- Pentagon | US military headquarters
- Congress | US legislative body
- Missouri | US state | ballot initiative underway
- Chilean Air Force | military branch | Chile
- Scott Air Force Base | military installation | Illinois
- Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) | government agency
- US District Court | Phoenix | Arizona
- Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) | government agency
- Fire Officer's Guide to Disaster Control | publication
- New York Hall of Science | venue | New York
- Area 51 satellite images showed no captured UFO evidence | Leslie Kean
- Nearly 600 international aeronautical sightings and radar/visual cases examined | French military study
- About 6 percent of sightings with solid documentation cannot be attributed to earthly sources | French military study
- This 6 percent appear to be completely unknown flying machines with exceptional performances | French military study
- Science has developed plausible models for travel from another solar system | French military study
- UFOs have demonstrated no hostile acts | French military study
- Intimidation maneuvers have been confirmed | French military study
- General credentials make ET hypothesis less easy to dismiss | Leslie Kean
- French study concludes extraterrestrial hypothesis best explanation | French military
- Strong presumptions exist in favor of extraterrestrial hypothesis | French military
- Sightings are growing throughout world | French military study
- US military pursues UFOs according to NORAD logs | declassified documents
- Multiple international military encounters documented | Leslie Kean
- Dr. Mitchell convinced at 90+ percent confidence that UFOs are real | Dr. Edgar Mitchell
- Files on UFOs are quite convincing | Dr. Edgar Mitchell
- Only thing lacking is official government stamp | Dr. Edgar Mitchell
- Military lack of preparation could provoke dangerous confrontation | Willard Miller
- Precipitous military decisions may cause catastrophic consequences | Willard Miller
- Those in high places in government share growing interest | Willard Miller
- US military not saying publicly if concerned about UFOs | Leslie Kean
- French report chastises US for "impressive repressive arsenal" on UFO disclosure | Leslie Kean
- Air Force Regulation 200-2 prohibits release of unexplainable UFO data | regulation
- Joint Army Navy Air Force Publication 146 prosecutes unauthorized UFO disclosure | regulation
- March 1997 Arizona sightings never fully explained | Senator John McCain
- January 6, 2000 Illinois sighting shows craft with extreme rapid motion | Leslie Kean
- Defense Department maintains no information on triangular objects | Leslie Kean
- Judge McNamee concluded reasonable search conducted but no information obtained | Judge McNamee
- Federal Emergency Management Agency prepared for UFO encounters | Leslie Kean
- Fire Officer's Guide warns of UFO hazards including electrical fields | Fire Officer's Guide
- No culture has voided idea of other intelligent life | John E. Mack
- Area 51 satellite imagery release April 2000 | imagery data source
- French military report "UFOs and Defense: What Should We Prepare For?" | 90-page study
- 600 international aeronautical sightings | French study data
- Declassified US government documents | military incident sources
- NORAD logs | military operations records
- 1960 Congressional Record entry by Leonard Wolf | legislative documentation
- 1971 US-Soviet "Agreement on Measures to Reduce the Outbreak of Nuclear War" | treaty
- Costa Rican mapping aircraft 1971 sighting | photograph evidence provided
- 1966 Zanesville, Ohio barber sighting | photograph evidence
- 1967 Beaver, Pennsylvania high school student sighting | photograph evidence
- 1967 Detroit teenage brothers sighting | photograph evidence
- 1976 Iranian Air Force incident | military encounter
- 1980 Peruvian Air Force incident | military encounter
- 1990 Belgian F-16 incident | military encounter
- 1997 Arizona sightings | mass sighting incident
- 2000 St. Claire County, Illinois sightings | recent incident
- Fire Officer's Guide to Disaster Control, second edition | FEMA training manual
- Freedom of Information Act | legislation allowing document access
- "The interest has been really phenomenal" | David Mountain on Area 51 website traffic
- "numerous manifestations observed by reliable witnesses could be the work of craft of extraterrestrial origin" | French military study conclusion
- "the extraterrestrial hypothesis" | best explanation according to French military
- "strong presumptions exist in its favor and if it is correct, it is loaded with significant consequences" | French military study
- "The number of sightings, which are completely unexplained despite the abundance and quality of data from them, is growing throughout the world" | French military team
- "This 6 percent seem 'to be completely unknown flying machines with exceptional performances that are guided by a natural or artificial intelligence'" | French military study
- "It assures readers that UFOs have demonstrated no hostile acts, 'although intimidation maneuvers have been confirmed.'" | Leslie Kean
- "It's significant that individuals of some standing in the government, military and intelligence community in France came forth with this." | Dr. Edgar Mitchell
- "at a confidence level above 90 percent, that there is reality to all of this" | Dr. Edgar Mitchell
- "People have been digging through the files and investigating for years now. The files are quite convincing. The only thing that's lacking is the official stamp." | Dr. Edgar Mitchell
- "exerting useful pressure to clarify this crucial issue which must fall within the scope of political and strategic alliances" | French military recommendation
- "If we persist in refusing to recognize the existence of the UFOs, we will end up, one fine day, by mistaking them for the guided missiles of an enemy - and the worst will be upon us." | General L.M. Chassin
- "certain dangers are linked with unidentified flying objects" | R.E. Hillenkoeller
- "the military's lack of preparation for encounters with unexplained craft could provoke dangerous confrontation when, and if, such an encounter occurs; 'precipitous military decisions' may lead to unnecessary confusion, misapplication of forces, or possible catastrophic consequences." | Commander Willard Miller
- "There are those in high places in the government who share a growing interest in this subject" | Commander Willard Miller
- "an 'impressive repressive arsenal'" | French report description of US UFO policy
- "Do not stand under a UFO that is hovering at low altitudes. Do not touch or attempt to touch a UFO that has landed." | Fire Officer's Guide to Disaster Control
- "No culture from the beginning of time, no culture from anywhere on the planet, has ever voided the idea of all other intelligent life other than ourselves. That's arrogance." | John E. Mack
- "never been fully explained" | Senator John McCain on 1997 Arizona sightings
Page 92
View PDF ↗- National Aviation Reporting Center for Anomalous Phenomena (NARCAP) | aviation safety organization | established November 2000
- FAA | Federal Aviation Administration | government agency (not affiliated with NARCAP)
- U.S. military aviators | military branch | reported UAP cases
- Civil aviation professionals | aviation industry
- Private pilots | aviation sector
- Foreign aircrews | international aviation sector
- Airlines | commercial aviation | not affiliated with NARCAP confidentiality process
- Dr. Richard F. Haines | Chief Scientist | NARCAP | compiled catalogue of 3400+ aviation UAP cases
- Ted Roe | Executive Director | NARCAP | contact person
- NARCAP is dedicated to advancement of aviation safety issues related to UAP | NARCAP mission
- UAP investigations focus on lights or objects inconsistent with known aircraft and natural phenomena | NARCAP scope
- Lights and objects appear in variety of colors and shapes | witness reports
- Pilots, air traffic controllers, and radar operators report these lights/objects closely approach aircraft | witness observations
- Encounters with UAP demonstrate variety of safety-related effects on pilots, crew, cockpit discipline, and on-board instrumentation | documented effects
- Over 3400 aviation-related UAP cases compiled | Dr. Haines catalog
- Comprehensive review conducted of UAP reports by U.S. air traffic controllers and pilots from past 50 years | NARCAP research
- Over 100 reports analyzed involving near misses, close pacing, disrupted avionics, and collisions | research analysis
- Events reported by US military aviators, civil aviation professionals, private pilots, and foreign aircrews in US airspace | diverse witness sources
- NARCAP has no basis for conjecture regarding true nature or source of lights and objects | NARCAP position
- Certain unidentified aerial phenomena have effect on aviation safety that can be quantified | NARCAP conclusion
- Aviation professionals should recognize importance of this work | NARCAP recommendation
- Confidentiality is protected for reporters | NARCAP policy
- NARCAP not associated with FAA, government agencies, or airlines | organizational independence
- Richard F. Haines paper "Aviation Safety in America - A Previously Neglected Factor" | research publication
- 3400+ aviation-related UAP cases catalogue | compiled data
- Over 100 UAP reports analyzed | research sample
- Past 50 years of aviation records | research timeframe
- Near misses, close pacing, disrupted avionics incidents | case categories
- Collision reports | case category
- Ted Roe, Executive Director | (831) 338-4783
- Email: admin@narcap.org
- Website: www.narcap.org
- UAP encounter reporting hotline: (800) 732-3666
- "The National Aviation Reporting Center for Anomalous Phenomena (NARCAP) is a national organization, established in November of 2000, and is dedicated to the advancement of aviation safety issues as they apply to Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP)." | NARCAP mission statement
- "NARCAP investigates aviation related reports of aerial encounters with lights or objects that seem inconsistent with known categories of aircraft and common natural phenomena." | NARCAP function
- "These lights or objects are reported to appear in a variety of colors and shapes." | witness reports
- "Pilots, air traffic controllers and radar operators report that these lights or objects closely approach aircraft." | witness observations
- "Encounters with these lights or objects, UAP, have demonstrated a variety of safety related effects on pilots, crew, cockpit discipline and on-board instrumentation." | documented effects
- "NARCAP Chief Scientist Dr. Richard F. Haines has compiled a catalogue of over 3400 aviation related UAP cases." | data compilation
- "He has conducted a comprehensive review of UAP reports by U.S. air traffic controllers and pilots from the past 50 years." | research scope
- "It contains analyses of over one hundred reports of UAP involved in near misses, close pacing, disrupted avionics, and collisions." | research analysis
- "These events were reported by US military aviators, civil aviation professionals, private pilots, and by foreign aircrews operating in US airspace." | witness diversity
- "NARCAP has no basis for conjecture regarding the true nature or source of these lights and objects." | NARCAP position
- "It is the NARCAP position that certain unidentified aerial phenomena have an effect on aviation safety that can be quantified." | NARCAP conclusion
- "It is the intention of this organization to develop a body of data that will stand up to scientific scrutiny and serve as a basis for understanding this phenomenon." | NARCAP goal
- "It is our hope that aviation professionals will recognize the importance of this work and contact NARCAP with their reports of encounters with UAP." | NARCAP appeal
- "Often, though not always, reporters are concerned about their confidentiality." | confidentiality concern
- "We are not associated with the FAA or other government agencies, or the airlines." | organizational independence
- "With regards to employers, the FAA, and the media, we have a process in place to ensure that confidentiality is protected." | confidentiality policy
Page 93
View PDF ↗- 2001-01-27 | UFO sighting at Barnaul airport, southern Siberia
- 2001 | Publication year of Agence France Presse report
- Barnaul airport | southern Siberia, Russia | airport runway shutdown location
- Moscow | Russia | news source location (Agence France Presse dateline)
- Ivan Komarov | local aviation company director | Barnaul airport area | witness/official account source
- Crew of IL-76 cargo aircraft | flight crew | refused to take off due to sighting
- Crew of second cargo plane | flight crew | landed at alternate airport due to sighting
- Interfax news agency | Russian news service | reported incident
- Agence France Presse | international news agency | reported incident
- Barnaul airport | aviation facility | Russia
- Local aviation company | Russian aviation company | operated by director Ivan Komarov
- Unidentified flying object (UFO) detected hovering above airport runway | description: luminescent object
- IL-76 cargo aircraft crew observed luminescent object hovering above runway | object appearance
- Second cargo plane crew refused to use runway for same reason | observation replicated
- UFO took off and vanished from airport after 90 minutes | object behavior and duration
- Airport shutdown caused by UFO detection | incident impact
- UFO sighting caused operational disruption to cargo aircraft operations | operational consequence
- Crew safety concerns prompted refusal to use runway | crew decision basis
- UFO capable of rapid departure | object capability demonstrated
- Interfax news agency report | primary news source
- Agence France Presse dispatch January 27, 2001 | news report source
- "An airport in southern Siberia was shut down for an hour and a half on Friday when an unidentified flying object (UFO) was detected hovering above its runway" | Agence France Presse
- "The crew of an IL-76 cargo aircraft refused to take off, claiming they saw a luminescent object hovering above the runway of the Siberia's Barnaul airport" | news report, Ivan Komarov quote
- "The crew of another cargo plane, refusing to use the runway for the same reason, landed their jet at another airport" | news report
- "The UFO took off and vanished from the airport 90 minutes later" | news report
Page 94
View PDF ↗- 1991 | Start of Director role at The Burma Project USA (continuing to present)
- 1994 | Publication of "Burma's Revolution of the Spirit" (co-authored)
- 1996 | Fund for Investigative Journalism grant
- 1996 | Cover story selection by The Nation for George Polk Award submission
- 1997 | Fund for Investigative Journalism grant
- 1997 | The Nation Institute grant
- 1998 | Fund for Investigative Journalism grant
- 1998 | Project Censored Honorable Mention
- 1998 | Publication of "Stone Soup for the World"
- 1998 | Publication of "Drugs, Society and Behavior 98/99"
- 1998-2001 | Radio Host/Producer role at KPFA
- 2000 | Publication of "Perspectives: Drugs and Society"
- Leslie Kean | journalist, radio host, author, producer
- Alan Clements | co-author of "Burma's Revolution of the Spirit"
- Amy Goodman | host of "Democracy Now with Amy Goodman"
- Whitley Strieber | host of "Dreamland with Whitley Strieber"
- Michael Jackson | host of "The Michael Jackson Show"
- Mike Malloy | host of "Mike Malloy Show"
- Gerry Ryan | host of "The Gerry Ryan Show"
- KPFA | public radio station | San Francisco Bay Area
- The Boston Globe | newspaper | publication venue
- The Baltimore Sun | newspaper | publication venue
- The Sacramento Bee | newspaper | publication venue
- The Minneapolis Star Tribune | newspaper | publication venue
- The Nation | magazine | publication venue
- The Progressive | magazine | publication venue
- The San Francisco Bay Guardian | newspaper | publication venue
- The Providence Journal | newspaper | publication venue
- The Commercial Appeal | newspaper | publication venue
- Burma Debate | publication venue
- The Honolulu Star-Bulletin | newspaper | publication venue
- The International Herald Tribune | newspaper | publication venue
- The Globe and Mail | newspaper | Canada | publication venue
- The Vancouver Sun | newspaper | Canada | publication venue
- The Sydney Morning Herald | newspaper | Australia | publication venue
- The Kyoto Journal | magazine | Japan | publication venue
- The Nation (Thailand) | publication venue
- Internazionale | magazine | Italy | publication venue
- VSD | magazine | France | publication venue
- The Irish Independent | newspaper | Ireland | publication venue
- The Philadelphia Inquirer | newspaper | publication venue
- The Journal of Commerce | publication venue
- The Bangkok Post | newspaper | publication venue
- The St. Louis Post Dispatch | newspaper | publication venue
- The San Francisco Examiner | newspaper | publication venue
- Knight-Ridder | news syndication | syndication network
- Scripps-Howard | news syndication | syndication network
- New York Times Wire Service | news syndication | syndication service
- Pacific News Service | news syndication | syndication network
- National Publishers Association (NNPA) | news syndication | syndication network
- Coursewise Publishing, Inc. | publisher | 2000
- Conari Press | publisher | 1998
- Dushkin/McGraw-Hill | publisher | 1998
- Aperture | publisher | 1994
- The Burma Project USA | human rights organization | director since 1991
- The Fund for Investigative Journalism | journalism funding organization
- Project Censored | media advocacy organization
- The Nation Institute | journalism funding organization
- KRLA | radio station | Los Angeles
- Hightower Radio | radio network | over 100 stations
- WLS Chicago | radio station | ABC affiliate
- Coast to Coast AM | radio program | audience 10-20 million
- Dreamland with Whitley Strieber | radio program | audience 1 million
- Democracy Now | radio/television program | Pacifica national network
- Channel 2 National Radio Ireland | radio station
- Leslie Kean has extensive experience in investigative journalism | biographical record
- She has published in major domestic and international media outlets | publication record
- She has co-hosted and produced investigative news programs | broadcasting experience
- She has received multiple journalism grants and honors | recognition of work quality
- She has conducted human rights and media advocacy work | professional focus areas
- She has appeared on major radio programs with large audiences | broadcasting reach
- Multiple publication venues across domestic and international media | career publications
- Radio programs with significant audience reach (10-20 million for Coast to Coast AM, 1 million for Dreamland) | media exposure
- Books and anthologies on various topics including Burma and drugs policy | published works
- The Fund for Investigative Journalism grants | funding recognition
- Project Censored Honorable Mention 1998 | media recognition
- The Nation Institute grant 1997 | professional recognition
- George Polk Award submission consideration | journalism recognition