Flying Discs
Correspondence between Air Materiel Command and USAF Chief of Staff regarding Flying Discs, including Col. H.M. McCoy confirming continued collection and analysis of flying disc reports, and Maj. Gen. L.C. Craigie directing AMC to establish a project (later known as Project Sign) to collect, evaluate, and distribute information on atmospheric sightings of national security concern.
The U.S. Army Air Force formally established Project Sign in late 1947 to investigate flying disc reports after Lieutenant General N. F. Twining concluded the phenomenon was real and "not visionary or fictitious." Declassified memos from senior Air Materiel Command officials document the initial scientific assessment of dozens of verified sightings describing metallic, disc-shaped objects capable of extreme maneuvers and speeds exceeding 300 knots. Air Force leadership coordinated with Army, Navy, Atomic Energy Commission, and RAND to gather intelligence while explicitly confirming no classified U.S. aircraft program matched the observed characteristics. The collection establishes the military's early institutional response to UAP sightings before public awareness of the "flying saucer" phenomenon peaked in the summer of 1947.
- Lieutenant General N. F. Twining's September 23, 1947 assessment declared flying discs were real and possibly either domestic high-security projects, foreign technology with nuclear propulsion, or natural phenomena—but explicitly ruled out hallucinations or lies by observers.
- The Air Force documented consistent physical descriptions across independent sightings: metallic or light-reflecting surfaces, circular or elliptical shapes, flat bottoms with domed tops, formation flights of 3-9 objects, and unusual maneuverability including evasive actions when contacted by friendly aircraft.
- General Curtis LeMay, Deputy Chief of Air Staff for Research and Development, formally confirmed the Army Air Forces had no research project with the reported characteristics, eliminating the domestic secret program hypothesis.
- Project Sign was established December 30, 1947 with Priority 2A classification as "RESTRICTED," requiring monthly progress reports and multi-agency data sharing among Army, Navy, AEC, JRDB, Air Force Scientific Advisory Board, NACA, RAND, and NEPA projects.
- Civilian witness reports, such as Mary L. Herren's 1946 photographs from Oregon, were evaluated and dismissed as film defects, while speculative theories (like Mrs. Merchant's claims of Russian flying disc bases in Mexico) were documented but not pursued as engineering matters.
Page 1
View PDF ↗- 1947-12-19 | date of memo
- 1947-12-09 | conversation date between undersigned and Major General L. C. Craigie
- L. C. Craigie | Major General | U.S. Air Force | recipient mentioned
- H. M. McCoy | Colonel, USAF | Chief of Intelligence | author
- Air Materiel Command | military
- U.S. Air Force | military
- Letter to CG, AAF, dated 23 Sept 47, subject "AMC Opinion Concerning Flying Discs"
- Letter to CG, AAF, dated 24 Sept 47, subject "Flying Discs"
- "Confirming the recent conversation of the undersigned with Major General L. C. Craigie, 9 December 1947, attached as listed below are copies of the reports from this Headquarters concerning Flying Discs." | Colonel McCoy
- "Continued and recent reports from qualified observers concerning this phenomenon still makes this matter one of concern to Headquarters, Air Materiel Command." | McCoy
Page 2
View PDF ↗Page 3
View PDF ↗- 1947-12-30 | date of memo
- 1946-11-05 to 1946-11-12 | date range when photographs were taken (referenced document)
- L. C. Craigie | Major General | U.S. Air Force | recipient
- Mary L. Herren | citizen | source of photographs
- Air Force | military
- Air Materiel Command | military
- Objects referred to appear in sky area of accompanying photographs
- Uniformity of markings suggests camera or film defect rather than actual objects
- No incidents of flying discs reported from vicinity on or about dates mentioned
- Photographs forwarded by Mary L. Herren, 1728 S.W. Bidwell Avenue, Portland 2, Oregon
- Fourth Air Force case from Hamilton Field, California
Page 4
View PDF ↗- L. C. Craigie | Major General | U.S. Air Force | recipient
- Dr. Carroll | mentioned as plotting flying disc incidents
- Air Force | military
- Air Materiel Command | military
- Army | military
- Navy | military
- Atomic Energy Commission | government agency
- JRDB | government agency
- Air Force Scientific Advisory Group | military
- NACA | agency
- RAND project | research
- NEPA project | research
- Air Force policy is not to ignore reports of sightings but to recognize collection, collation, evaluation as part of mission
- It is desired that Air Materiel Command set up project for this purpose
- Data with classification higher than Restricted should be classified accordingly
- Air Materiel Command should set up project to collect, collate, evaluate and distribute information on sightings and phenomena
- Preparation and distribution of initial report recommended, with subsequent quarterly reports
- Priority 2A with security classification "Restricted" and Code Name "SIGN"
Page 5
View PDF ↗- Project Sign (codenamed "SIGN")
- Essential Elements of Information to be formulated
Page 6
View PDF ↗- 1947-12-05 | date of memo
- 1946-11-05 to 1946-11-12 | dates photographs taken
- Mary L. Herren | citizen | source of photographs, address: 1728 S.W. Bidwell Avenue, Portland 2, Oregon
- Donald L. Springer | Lt. Colonel, USAF | AC of S, A-2 | author
- Photographs submitted showing objects in sky area
- Uniformity of markings suggests defective camera or film
- No incidents of flying discs reported from that vicinity on dates mentioned
- Objects believed to be defects in film, paper, or camera, not pictures of flying discs
- No further investigation recommended
Page 7
View PDF ↗- 1947-11-18 | date of memo
- 1947-11-12 | date Seattle incident appeared in Dayton Journal
- George Garrett | Lt. Colonel | recipient
- Lionel Shapiro | journalist | author of story
- George McDom | General | U.S. Air Force
- Dr. Carroll | mentioned as plotting flying disc incidents
- Seattle | location of reported incident
- Spain | location of alleged war weapons development
- Alaska | location of flying disc incident
- Seattle incident reported in Dayton Journal on November 12, 1947
- War weapons allegedly developed in Spain per Lionel Shapiro story
- German scientists reportedly working in Spain
- Close range sighting in Alaska in September with more detailed observation than reported
- German scientists at HQ indicate no important scientists from Germany working in Spain
- Those mentioned in article not known to them
- Newspaper clippings on Seattle incident
- Shapiro article on Spanish weapons
- Alaska flying disc incident from USAF AC/AS-2
- Flying disc plotting being done by Dr. Carroll
Page 8
View PDF ↗- 1947-11-24 | date of memo
- 1947-11-18 | reference date of prior letter
- George Garrett | Lt. Colonel | recipient/author reference
- H. M. McCoy | Colonel, USAF | Chief of Intelligence
Page 9
View PDF ↗- George Schulgen | Brig. General | AC/AS-2 | recipient
- N. F. Twining | Lieutenant General, U.S. Army | Commanding | author
- Air Institute of Technology | military
- Intelligence T-2 | military organization
- Aircraft Laboratory | military
- Engineering Division T-3 | military
- Phenomenon reported is something real and not visionary or fictitious
- Objects probably approximating shape of disc, size comparable to man-made aircraft
- Possibility some incidents caused by natural phenomena (meteors)
- Reported operating characteristics suggest objects controlled manually, automatically or remotely
- Possibility objects of domestic origin from high security project unknown to AC/AS-2
- Lack of physical evidence (crash recovered exhibits)
- Possibility foreign nation has nuclear propulsion outside U.S. knowledge
- Apparent common description: metallic or light reflecting surface
- Circular or elliptical shape, flat on bottom and domed on top
- Formation flights of three to nine objects
- Normally no associated sound except three instances with substantial rumbling roar
- Level flight speeds normally above 300 knots estimated
- Absence of trail except few instances when operating under high performance
- Two tabs at rear symmetrical about axis of flight mentioned in some reports
- "The phenomenon reported is something real and not visionary or fictitious." | Twining
- "The reported operating characteristics such as extreme rates of climb, maneuverability (particularly in roll), and action which must be considered evasive when sighted or contacted by friendly aircraft and radar, lend belief to the possibility that some of the objects are controlled either manually, automatically or remotely." | Twining
Page 10
View PDF ↗- Possible within present U.S. knowledge to construct piloted aircraft with general description of object capable of range of 7000 miles at subsonic speeds
- Any developments in this country would be extremely expensive, time consuming, and costly
- Detailed knowledge and extended development would be required
- Headquarters Army Air Forces should issue directive assigning priority, security classification and Code Name for detailed study
- Complete sets of all available and pertinent data should be made available to Army, Navy, Atomic Energy Commission, JRDB, Air Force Scientific Advisory Group, NACA, RAND and NEPA projects
- Preliminary report within 15 days of receipt of data
- Detailed reports every 30 days as investigation develops
- Complete interchange of data should be effected
- AMC will continue investigation within current resources
Page 11
View PDF ↗Page 12
View PDF ↗- George Schulgen | Brig. General | AC/AS-2 | recipient
- N. F. Twining | Lieutenant General, U.S. Army | author
Page 13
View PDF ↗- Metallic or light reflecting surface noted
- Circular or elliptical shape, flat on bottom and domed on top
- Several reports of well kept formation flights (three to nine objects)
- Normally no associated sound except three instances with substantial rumbling roar
- Level flight speeds normally above 300 knots estimated
- Objects possibly of domestic origin from high security project
- Lack of physical evidence in shape of crash recovered exhibits
- Possibility foreign nation has nuclear propulsion outside U.S. knowledge
- Recommended headquarters Army Air Forces issue directive assigning priority, security classification and Code Name
- Detailed study with preparation of complete sets of data
- Available to Army, Navy, Atomic Energy Commission, JRDB, Air Force Scientific Advisory Group, NACA, RAND and NEPA projects
- Preliminary report within 15 days
- Detailed reports every 30 days
Page 14
View PDF ↗Page 15
View PDF ↗- George McDonald | Major General | U.S. Air Force | recipient
- H. M. McCoy | Colonel, Air Corps | Deputy Commanding General Intelligence | author
- Herbert C. Gee | Lt. Colonel | mentioned
- Horten Brothers | aircraft designers | mentioned
- Air Materiel Command | military
- Royal Aircraft Establishment | British organization
- Patent Office | government agency
- "Loedding Flying Disc" drawing designated LD-2
- Royal Aircraft Establishment Technical Note AERO 1703 describing Hortense aircraft
- T-2 report "German Flying Wings Designed by Horten Brothers" No. F-SU-1110-HD
- Horten VIII design (six engine pusher, wing spread 131 feet, gross weight approximately 33,000 pounds)
- Russian version jet propelled, reference report V-32291-8
- Horten IX versions
- Horten "Parabola"
- Recent report from U.S. Military attache Moscow, USSR, dated June 9, 1947
- 1800 aircraft directly or indirectly based on Horten VIII design being built for bomber squadron use
- Russian version is jet propelled
Page 16
View PDF ↗- Page 69, The Horten VIII
- Pages 71 and 72, Photographs of the Horten IX Versions
- Page 74, Drawing of the "Parabola"
- Pages identified for detailed study of Horten brothers design work
- RAE Tech Note AERO 1705
- T-2 Report No. F-SU-1110-HD
Page 17
View PDF ↗- CSGID, Plans and Collection Branch | military
- Chief, Air Intelligence Requirements Division | military
- AC/S-2 | military
- Intelligence Requirements on Flying Saucer Type Aircraft
- File designation 350.09 Intelligence
Page 18
View PDF ↗- Lt. Colonel Herbert C. Gee | O-19717 | formerly Commanding Officer at Los Alamos | now stationed Office of Chief of Engineers, Civil Works Division, Washington D.C.
- Mrs. Merchant | civilian | theory proponent
- General Brentnall | AMC | interviewed Mrs. Merchant
- Douglass W. Eiseman | Lt. Colonel, Air Corps, USAF | author
- Air Force | military
- Air Materiel Command | military
- Mrs. Merchant's theory on flying discs deemed not engineering matter
- No further interrogation recommended
- Case should be closed
Page 19
View PDF ↗- General Brentnall | Commanding General | interviewed Mrs. Merchant
- Mrs. Madeline Gwynne Merchant | civilian | Santa Fe, New Mexico | theory proponent
- Col. Howard G. Bunker | Commanding Officer Operating Location No. 16, 731st AAFBU, Kirtland Field, Albuquerque, New Mexico
- 731st AAFBU (101st AACS Sq) | military
- Operating Location No. 16 | Kirtland Field | military
- Las Vegas, Nevada | where General Brentnall was contacted
- Central Mexico | alleged location of Russian laboratory
- Kirtland Field | military installation
- Albuquerque, New Mexico | location
- Mrs. Merchant claims flying discs are being fired from Central Mexico laboratory operated by Russians
- Claims they are aimed at U.S. atomic energy and aircraft installations for sighting purposes
- General Brentnall has no further interest in interrogation as it is not engineering matter
- Recommends contacting Col. Howard Bunker to determine identity of colonel at Las Vegas with knowledge of case
- No direct contact will be made with Mrs. Merchant
Page 20
View PDF ↗- 1947-10-13 | date of memo
- 1947-10-02 | date of Kirtland Field response
- Lt. Col. Herbert C. Gee | O-19717 | formerly Commanding Officer at Los Alamos | now stationed Office of Chief of Engineers, Civil Works Division, Washington D.C.
- Brig. Gen. Brentnall | AMC | conducted interview
- Howard G. Bunker | Colonel | Commanding Officer Kirtland Field
- Los Alamos | corrected location (not Las Vegas as previously stated)
- Washington D.C. | current location of Lt. Col. Gee
- No replacement for Lt. Col. Gee at Los Alamos
- No information available indicating other individual in vicinity with more knowledge than Gen. Brentnall regarding Mrs. Merchant's theory
Page 21
View PDF ↗- Robert Taylor 3RD | Colonel, Air Corps | Chief, Collection Branch | author
- Lt. Col. Garrett | researcher
- Air Intelligence Requirements Division | military
- AC/AS-2 | military
- Collection Branch | military
- From detailed study of selected reported observations on flying saucers
- Several aspects of appearance have common pattern
- Surface appears metallic
- Trails observed are lightly colored blue-brown haze, similar to rocket engine exhaust
- Fuel may be throttled, suggesting liquid rocket engine
- Objects circular or elliptical, flat on bottom and slightly domed on top
- Size estimates near C-54 or Constellation at 10,000 feet altitude
- Some reports describe two tabs at rear symmetrical about axis of flight
- Flights reported containing three to nine objects in good formation, speeds above 300 knots
- Discs oscillate laterally while flying
- Study from detailed observations of veracity and reliability
- Common patterns evident in appearance
- Request assurance no AAF research project has these characteristics
- "From a detailed study of certain reported observations on the flying saucers, selected for their veracity and reliability, it is apparent that several aspects of their appearance have a common pattern." | Taylor
- "Before pursuing its investigation of these objects any further, this Office requests assurance that no research project of the Army Air Forces, at present being flown, has the following characteristics and that it may therefore be assumed recent flying saucer 'mystery' is not of United States origin" | Taylor
Page 22
View PDF ↗- Surface metallic, indicating metallic skin
- Trail when observed is lightly colored blue-brown haze
- Similar to rocket engine exhaust with possible throttled fuel (liquid rocket engine)
- Circular or elliptical shape, flat on bottom and slightly domed on top
- Size comparable to C-54 or Constellation at 10,000 feet
- Two tabs at rear, symmetrical about axis of flight
- Flights of three to nine objects, good formation, speeds above 300 knots
- Lateral oscillation while flying (snaking motion)
Page 23
View PDF ↗- Chief, Intelligence Group, Intelligence Division, War Dept Gen Staff | recipient
- Executive, Air Intel, Requirements Division, AC/AS-2 | sender
Page 24
View PDF ↗- Deputy Chief of Air Staff for Research & Development | military
- Air Intelligence Requirements Division | military
Page 25
View PDF ↗- 1947-09-08 | date of memo
- 1947-09-05 | date of conference
- George Schulgen | Brig. General | AC/AS-2 | attendee at conference
- Dr. Charles Carroll | mentioned as presenting information at conference
- A.D. Loedding | T-2 representative | attendee
- Air Materiel Command | military
- T-2 | military organization
- Air Force | military
- Radar station in Japan reported flying disc sighting
- Close range sighting reported
- Mentioned during conference in Brig. Gen. Schulgen's office on September 5, 1947
Page 26
View PDF ↗- 1947-09-08 | original date
- 1947-09-11 | response date
- Lt. Col. Garrett | researcher
- Douglass W. Eiseman | Lt. Colonel, Air Corps, USAF | Executive Air Intel Requirements Division
- Air Materiel Command | military
- T-2 | military intelligence
- Air Force | military
- Complete file of flying disc sightings maintained by office
- File forwarded for photostat copying to provide duplicate sets
- Extra copy to be returned for office records
- "As arranged verbally with Mr. Loedding, inclosed is the complete file maintained by this Office on reported sightings of Flying Discs." | memo
- "This file is forwarded so that photostats may be made in order to provide your Command with a duplicate set of these sightings." | memo
Page 27
View PDF ↗- Air Materiel Command | military
- Air Force | military
Page 28
View PDF ↗- Deputy Chief of Air Staff for Research & Development | military
- Air Intelligence Requirements Division | military
- Collection Branch | military
- Army Air Forces has no research project with characteristics described in Comment No. 1
- Confirms flying saucers are not of AAF origin